Opinion
NO. 2009-CA-002190-MR NO. 2009-CA-002325-MR
11-30-2012
RALPH WAYNE ADAMS; JAMES PHILLIP AMBERG; CHARLES CANNON; SMITH & HANCOCK FARMS, LLC.; MARSH HUNT; KEITH KIMBELL; MATT MOSS; AND JIM MOSS APPELLANTS v. BARRY SHARP; SHIRLEY SHARP; JENNY VARDEN; BILL FENWICK; GENE NETTLES; NANCY NETTLES; LARRY LEWIS; MARY JO LEWIS; PAUL BECK; KATIE BECK; MAX WILSON; LUCY BONDURANT WILSON; AND COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT CABINET APPELLEES BARRY SHARP; SHIRLEY SHARP; JENNY VARDEN; BILL FENWICK; GENE NETTLES; NANCY NETTLES; LARRY LEWIS; MARY JO LEWIS; PAUL BECK; KATIE BECK; MAX WILSON; AND LUCY BONDURANT WILSON CROSS-APPELLANTS v. RALPH WAYNE ADAMS; JAMES PHILLIP AMBERG; CHARLES CANNON; SMITH & HANCOCK FARMS, LLC.; MARSH HUNT; KEITH KIMBELL; MATT MOSS; JIM MOSS; AND COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT CABINET CROSS-APPELLEES
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS/CROSS- APPELLEES: David Owen Carolyn Brown Kelly D. Bartley Lexington, Kentucky ORAL ARGUMENT FOR APPELLANTS/CROSS- APPELLEES: David Owen Lexington, Kentucky BRIEF FOR APPELLEES/CROSS- APPELLANTS: Randal A. Strobo Midway, Kentucky ORAL ARGUMENT FOR APPELLEES/CROSS- APPELLANTS: Hank Graddy Midway, Kentucky ORAL ARGUMENT FOR THE ENERGY AND ENVIROMENT CABINET: John West Frankfort, Kentucky BRIEF FOR AMICUS CURIAE: Mindy G. Barfield Lexington, Kentucky
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
APPEAL FROM FRANKLIN CIRCUIT COURT
HONORABLE PHILLIP J. SHEPHERD, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 07-CI-01413
CROSS-APPEAL FROM FRANKLIN CIRCUIT COURT
HONORABLE PHILLIP J. SHEPHERD, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 07-CI-01413
OPINION
AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART
AND REMANDING FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
BEFORE: CAPERTON, CLAYTON, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES. CAPERTON, JUDGE: The Appellants/Cross-Appellees, Ralph Wayne Adams, J.P. Amberg, Charles Cannon, Marsh Hunt, Keith Kimbell, Matt and Jim Moss, and Smith & Hancock Farms, LLC (hereinafter, "Farmers") appeal the decision of the Franklin Circuit Court involving Kentucky No-Discharge Operational Permits (KNDOP) (hereinafter "No-Discharge permits") issued to the Farmers, following complaints filed by Appellees/Cross-Appellants, Barry Sharp, Shirley Sharp, Jenny Varden, Bill Fenwick, Gene Nettles, Nancy Nettles, Larry Lewis, Mary Jo Lewis, Paul Beck, Katie Beck, Max Wilson, and Lucy Bondurant Wilson (hereinafter, "Petitioners"). The parties reside in Western Kentucky, where Farmers operate hog barns for the beneficial use of the manure as a soil supplement and fertilizer. Having reviewed the record, the arguments of the parties, and the applicable law, we reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand this matter for additional proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Unlike the Kentucky Pollution Discharge Elimination System (KPDES) program, referenced herein, infra, there is no specific federal counterpart to Kentucky's KNDOP program.
We note that in addition to the parties named herein, the Commonwealth of Kentucky, Energy and Environment Cabinet is also an Appellant/Cross-Appellee in a related appeal also being heard by this Court, based upon the same set of facts as contained herein, but which has not been consolidated (Case Nos. 2009-CA-002283-MR and 2009-CA-002326-MR).
The Farmers are lifelong residents of Fulton, Hickman, and Carlisle Counties, Kentucky, who, before deciding to engage in large-scale hog farming, were full-time farmers who derived a significant portion of their family income from their row crop and other farming operations, including the raising of livestock. Farmers entered into agreements with Tosh Farms to raise hogs owned and supplied by Tosh Farms in exchange for monthly compensation. Farmers raised the hogs primarily for obtaining their manure, and used the manure generated by the hogs as fertilizer for their row crops, enabling them to use less commercial fertilizer. According to the Farmers, the manure has significant value as fertilizer, and is considered to be waste only to the extent not so used.
The agreements have an initial term of ten years.
To house the hogs supplied by Tosh Farms, Farmers proposed to build two "deep pit" barns to house 2,480 hogs each. The manure storage pits constitute "agricultural waste handling systems," which are subject to permitting requirements implemented by the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet Division of Water (hereinafter "Cabinet"). Agricultural waste handling systems are required to obtain a construction permit and either a No-Discharge permit, pursuant to 401 Kentucky Administrative Regulations (KAR) 5:005 Section 25, or a Kentucky Pollution Discharge Elimination System ("KPDES") operating permit pursuant to 401 KAR 5:050 through 401 KAR 5:080 .
"Deep pit" refers to the concrete manure storage pits that underlie each barn. Each pit is approximately eight feet deep.
References to the Kentucky Administrative Regulations, unless noted to the contrary, are to those in effect at the time of the issuance of the Final No-Discharge Permits in July 2006.
Farmers initially submitted applications to the Division seeking KPDES permits for the storage pits. With the applications, Farmers submitted Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plans (hereinafter "CNMP") as developed by the United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (hereinafter "NRCS") for land application of the manure from the proposed facilities as fertilizer for their row crop operations. Following the issuance of draft permits and the receipt of public comments on the drafts, the Cabinet issued a Notice of Deficiency for mathematical errors shown in the CNMPs. The Cabinet requested that revised CNMPs be submitted within thirty days.
Farmers also submitted applications to the Cabinet for permits authorizing the construction of the agricultural waste handling systems. The construction permits are not at issue in this appeal.
Among the Farmers, there were nine facilities in all.
Petitioners offered expert engineering testimony at the public hearing about the alleged deficiencies in the nutrient management plans, the alleged failure of the permits to protect against pathogens and air toxins, and other alleged deficiencies.
In response, on March 15, 2006, Farmers withdrew their KPDES permit applications and submitted applications for No-Discharge permits on the grounds that their operations would not result in discharges of pollutants to waters of the Commonwealth, and thus did not require KPDES permits. They also submitted revised CNMPs and other information requested by the Cabinet, including an updated construction permit application.
On April 21, 2006, the Cabinet issued draft No-Discharge permits to Farmers. Although not required for a No-Discharge permit, the Cabinet issued a public notice and accepted public comment on the drafts. Thereafter, on July 7, 2006, the Cabinet issued a written response to the public comments received, and issued final No-Discharge permits to Farmers.
On August 7, 2006, individuals who own land near the Farmers' proposed operations filed Petitions for Hearing pursuant to Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 224.10-420, challenging the Cabinet's issuance of No-Discharge permits to Farmers on various grounds. Following extensive pre-trial discovery and motion practice, a fourteen-day evidentiary hearing regarding the Petitioners' claims was held during January and February 2007 before a Hearing Officer with the Cabinet Office of Administrative Hearings. The evidentiary hearing produced a voluminous record consisting of the testimony of nineteen witnesses, and numerous exhibits. On May 4, 2007, the Hearing Officer issued a 224-page report and recommendation which affirmed the construction permits, but vacated and remanded the operational permits and applications to the Cabinet for further review.
The Hearing Officer made seven recommendations, namely that: (1) the Farmers be required to submit revised CNMPs that were complete and sufficient, and which included the assumptions, data, calculations, and other bases for the requirements, terms and plans; (2) that the Cabinet be required to conduct completeness and sufficiency reviews of the revised CNMPs and not approve the permits until the CNMPs were both complete and sufficient; (3) the record keeping requirements be made expressly mandatory as permit conditions; (4) the Farmers' obligation to comply with 401 KAR 63:020 be made an express condition and that, prior to approval of the permits, the Cabinet conduct a review under 401 KAR 63:020 as to whether the controls proposed were adequate, and conduct a risk assessment using the best available information; (5) that the permits should contain an express reopener clause where operational history demonstrates inability to comply with the secondary odor standard at the property boundary and if EPA's air emissions study, when completed, indicates a need for revision of the permits; and (6) the Farmers be allowed to propose alternative setbacks.
All parties filed exceptions, and on August 16, 2007, the Cabinet Secretary issued a final order rejecting in part and granting in part the Petitioners' claims. With regard to the claim on which Petitioners prevailed, the Secretary ordered the Farmers to revise the CNMPs required under their permits in order to "eliminate inconsistencies and anomalies contained therein, and to require that any and all assumptions and methodologies, including their basis, to be clearly and sufficiently stated." The order further directed that this was to be completed via amendments to the CNMPs prior to any application of manure from the facilities. The Secretary also directed that the Division of Water conduct a thorough substantive review of the amended plans to determine their completeness and accuracy, to be completed prior to any application of manure to the land at issue. Lastly, the Secretary directed that the amended plans "shall require that the record keeping be made mandatory by use of the work [sic] 'shall' in accordance with the permits." The Secretary otherwise rejected Petitioners' claims and upheld the permits as issued to Farmers. The Secretary adopted the Hearing Officer's findings of fact and conflict with the conclusions of law to the extent that "they do not conflict with the Conclusions set forth above."
See Final Order of Secretary, dated August 16, 1007. Farmers did not appeal that ruling.
In the same order, the Secretary also resolved a separate Petition filed by Farmers which challenged the setbacks provided for in the permits. The Secretary rejected Farmers' claim, and Farmers did not appeal.
See Final Order of Secretary, p. 9.
On September 5, 2007, Petitioners appealed the Secretary's Final Order to the Franklin Circuit Court, and sought a temporary injunction and stay of any construction of the hog barns as part of the appeal. Following a three-day hearing on October 15, 16, and 18, 2007, the circuit court entered an opinion and order on November 13, 2007. Therein, Judge Thomas Wingate of the Franklin Circuit Court denied the Petitioners' motion for a stay or temporary injunction. At that hearing, the Cabinet introduced two exhibits evidencing that on October 12, 2007, the Cabinet sent a "Technical Notice of Deficiency" to Farmers Adams and Hancock.
Hereinafter, "Wingate Opinion."
Following the transfer of the case to be heard by the division where these issues were first raised, after briefing, oral argument, and additional submissions by counsel, Judge Phillip Shepherd entered an opinion and order on November 16, 2009, which reversed in part and affirmed in part the Secretary's order, and remanded the case to the Cabinet for further action consistent with its holding. On four of the issues, the circuit court reversed the ruling of the Secretary, finding that the Cabinet erred: (1) in failing to require Farmers to obtain KPDES permits rather than No-Discharge permits; (2) in failing to require Tosh Farms to sign Farmers' permit applications as co-permittee; (3) in failing to exercise discretionary "special condition" authority to perform an air emissions risk assessment and/or impose conditions relating to air emissions in connection with Farmers' permits; and (4) in failing to exercise discretionary "special condition" authority to impose effluent or other limitations relating to pathogens in the permits. On the remaining issue raised by Petitioners, which was a challenge to the propriety of the permitted setback distances, the circuit court affirmed the Secretary's ruling.
Hereinafter, "Shepherd Opinion."
Both Farmers and the Cabinet have appealed the circuit court's four holdings reversing the Secretary. Petitioners have filed cross-appeals in both matters with regard to the circuit court's ruling affirming the permit setback distances. We review the arguments of the parties in turn.
The Cabinet's appeal (Case No. 2009-CA-00283-MR) is not technically consolidated with the current appeal, although for clarity, these cases are being heard together. The Petitioners' cross-appeal in the Cabinet's appeal has been designated as Case No. 2009-CA-002326-MR. Farmers are named as Appellees/Cross-Appellees in that matter, although they consider their interests to be aligned with those of the Cabinet.
As their first basis for appeal, Farmers argue that the circuit court did not adhere to the proper standard of review. Farmers assert that the circuit court's review should have been limited to a determination of whether or not the Secretary's decision was arbitrary, that is, whether the Secretary's decision was based on substantial evidence in the record, and whether the law was applied correctly. Farmers argue that the circuit court failed to stay within these confines of its judicial review.
In response, Petitioners argue that the circuit court did apply the correct standards for review of the Secretary's final order. The Petitioners assert that the Secretary's determinations did not meet the substantial evidence test because the Secretary rejected, in "sweeping fashion," the findings of fact made by the Hearing Officer, and failed to provide alternative findings. The Petitioners assert that the Secretary failed to make findings of basic evidentiary facts to support the ultimate conclusions in the opinion.
Although the parties isolate this as a separate issue, we believe it best addressed in the context of the individual issues raised on appeal because one portion of the Secretary's holding may have been supported by substantial evidence, while another may not. In so noting, we remind the parties that we have repeatedly held that only the Hearing Officer and the Board are empowered to make findings of fact. See Board of Trustees, Kentucky Retirement Systems v. Grant, 257 S.W.3d 591 at 595 (Ky.App. 2008). Further, KRS 13B.150(2) clearly provides that when reviewing an administrative agency's decision, "the court shall not substitute its judgment for that of the agency as to the weight of the evidence on questions of fact." Thus, the judicial standard of review of an agency's decision is largely deferential, and as long as there is substantial evidence in the record to support the agency's decision, the court must defer to the agency, even if there is conflicting evidence. 500 Associates, Inc. v. Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, 204 S.W.3d 121, 131-132 (Ky.App. 2006).
If the agency's decision is supported by substantial evidence, the reviewing court is limited to determining whether the agency applied the correct rule of law. Burch v. Taylor Drug Store, Inc., 965 S.W.2d 830, 834 (Ky.App. 1998). Evidence is substantial if, when taken alone or in light of all the evidence, it has sufficient probative value to induce conviction in the minds of reasonable men. Kentucky Racing Comm'n v. Fuller, 481 S.W.2d 298, 308 (Ky. 1972). Indeed, an administrative agency's interpretation of its own regulations is entitled to substantial deference. Commonwealth v. Family Home Health Care, Inc., 98 S.W.3d 524, 527 (Ky.App. 2003). As always, questions of law are reviewed de novo. Rogers v. Fiscal Court of Jefferson County, 48 S.W.3d 28, 31 (Ky.App. 2001). We will apply these standards to the issues raised by the parties in turn.
While Petitioners acknowledge this to be a general rule, they nevertheless assert that limited deference should be given to "informal agency interpretations that have been arrived at without rulemaking or an adversarial proceeding." White v. Check Holders, Inc., 996 S.W.2d 496, 498 (Ky. 1999). The Petitioners assert that such limited deference is appropriate sub judice, given what it alleges is the untested nature of the Cabinet's interpretation and application of 401 KAR 5:005 to agricultural animal waste handling systems, the Cabinet's change in interpretation and application of KPDES requirements to CAFOs in March of 2006, and what Petitioners allege is a "wide gulf" between the plain language of 401 KAR 63:020 and the Cabinet's creation and application of an informal agricultural exemption to that regulation.
As their second basis for appeal, the Farmers argue that the circuit court erred as a matter of law in holding that the farmers were required to obtain KPDES permits. In their petition, the Petitioners claimed that Farmers were required to obtain KPDES permits, rather than No-Discharge permits for their proposed hog-farming operations. Their claim was based on the allegation that the Farmers' operations constituted "confined animal feeding operations" (CAFOs) as that term was defined at the time under Kentucky law. This claim was rejected by the Secretary, who found that the Farmers' animal feeding operations did not meet the definition of a CAFO as that term is defined by Kentucky law, because the operations would not result in a discharge of pollutants to the waters of the Commonwealth. Accordingly, the Secretary concluded that the operations were not subject to KPDES permitting requirements.
Petitioners assert that pursuant to KPDES permitting regulations, an animal feeding operation that meets the definition of a CAFO must obtain a KPDES permit, rather than a No-Discharge permit.
401 KAR 5:002 Section 1(58)(eff. December 8, 1999) provides that:
Concentrated animal feeding operation means ... an animal feeding operation where:
(a)more than the following numbers of indicated animals are confined ... 2,500 swine each weighing over twenty-five (25) kilograms (approximately fifty-five (55) pounds); ... or
(b)1. More than the following number and types of animals are confined ... 750 swine each weighing over twenty-five (25) kilograms (approximately fifty-five (55) pounds); ...and 2. Either pollutants are discharged into navigable waters through a mandmade ditch, flushing system or other similar manmade device; or originate outside of and pass over, across, or through the facility or otherweise come into direct contact with the animals confined in the operation.
(c)If the animal feeding operation discharges only during a twenty-five (25) year, twenty-four (24) hour storm event or greater, the animal feeding operation shall not be considered to be a concentrated animal feeding operation.
For purposes of this claim, "discharges" refer to "point source discharges," which is a legal term that excludes agricultural storm-water runoff. See 401 KAR 5:002 Section 1(222)(eff. September 8, 2004).
The Secretary found that this construction of the regulation was proper, reasonable, and otherwise required on the grounds that: (1) it was supported by the regulatory history of the definition; (2) it was supported by federal case law holding that the federal National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program (which the KPDES permit program implements), extends only to CAFOs that actually in fact discharge or propose to discharge pollutants associated with their operation as well as a then-proposed EPA regulation determining same; and (3) to hold otherwise would be inconsistent with the Clean Water Act and the EPA's interpretation of same and, thus, arguably, run afoul of Kentucky law prohibiting the implementation of the KPDES permit program in a manner more stringent than federal law.
In issuing its opinion on this matter, the circuit court found that the, "[H]earing Officer reached a conclusion in favor of the Cabinet's position," and "[E]xpressly found that both parties' interpretations are reasonable and possible given the express language of the regulation." The circuit court nevertheless reversed the Secretary, holding that it was error for the Secretary to interpret the KPDES permit program to only apply to animal farming operations that resulted in discharges of pollutants to waters of the Commonwealth. Relying on KRS 224.70-110, a general Kentucky statute prohibiting water pollution, the circuit court held that the KPDES permit program was "far broader" than its federal NPDES counterpart, and applied to both "direct" and "indirect" discharges that cause or contribute to the pollution of the waters of the Commonwealth. While it did not disturb the Secretary's factual finding that the permitted facilities would not directly discharge pollutants into the waters of the Commonwealth, the circuit court nevertheless found that the Secretary should have construed the Kentucky definition of "CAFO" such that it did not include a discharge requirement.
KRS 224.70-110 provides that,
No person shall, directly or indirectly, throw, drain, run or otherwise discharge into any of the waters of the Commonwealth, or cause, permit or suffer to be thrown, drained, run or otherwise discharged into such waters any pollutant, or any substance that shall cause or contribute to the pollution of the waters of the Commonwealth in contravention of the standards adopted by the cabinet or in contravention of any of the rules, regulations, permits, or orders of the cabinet or in contravention of any of the provisions of this chapter.
On that basis, the circuit court found that the federal law interpreting the scope of the federal NPDES permit program had "no application" to the issue of whether Farmers were required to obtain KPDES permits, and that as a result, it was error for the Secretary to rely on federal case law under the NPDES permit program to support its interpretation of the KPDES program. The circuit court held that because the Secretary ultimately found that Farmers' operations would produce large volumes of manure, and would result "in a considerable potential for water pollution," the operations should have been deemed CAFOs per se, thereby requiring KPDES permits. In so finding, the circuit court stated as follows:
The Court finds that it was erroneous as a matter of state law for the Cabinet to change its legal interpretation in response to the Waterkeeper decision's interpretation of federal law. The Cabinet's adoption of the Waterkeeper decision on the issue of how to interpret the regulatory definition of CAFOs was erroneous, because the statutory authority under state law significantly differs from the federal act interpreted in the Waterkeeper case. The Cabinet's decision to reinterpret the regulatory definition of CAFO and exempt CAFOs from KPDES permits is clearly erroneous because Kentucky's water pollution statute is broader than the federal Clean Water Act on the crucial issue of whether a direct discharge into water is required to trigger the permit requirement. The Kentucky statute, unlike the federal Clean Water Act, prohibits both "directly and indirectly" any discharges that "cause or contribute to the pollution of the waters of the Commonwealth." KRS 224.70-110. As the Waterkeeper Court noted, the federal act provides that '[e]xcept as in compliance [with all applicable effluent limitations and permit restrictions], the
discharge of any pollutant by any person shall be unlawful.' 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a).
Farmers now argue that the circuit court impermissibly expanded the scope of the KPDES permit program, and accordingly, should be reversed. As the Farmers correctly note, the KPDES permit program implements the federal Clean Water Act NPDES permit program. The Farmers argue that Kentucky law expressly prohibits the Cabinet from applying or interpreting the KPDES permit program in a manner more stringent than if the permit were issued by the EPA under the NPDES permit program, and assert that under the NPDES program, no source, including an animal feeding operation otherwise meeting the definition of a CAFO is required to obtain an NPDES permit in the absence of a discharge to waters of the United States. Thus, the Farmers argue that if their operations had been reviewed under the federal NPDES permit program, they would not have been required to obtain an NPDES permit, and that the "potential to discharge" test set forth by the circuit court has been expressly rejected at the federal level. Farmers therefore assert that the Secretary properly held that they were not required to obtain a KPDES permit, and that the circuit court improperly expanded the scope of the KPDES program, which they assert is governed by federal law and not KRS 224.70-110.
The Commonwealth has assumed delegated primary enforcement from the EPA for enforcing the CWA, codified at 33 U.S.C. Section 1251 et seq.; KRS 224.16-050(1)(authorizing the Cabinet to issue Clean Water Act NPDES permits pursuant to the authority delegated from the EPA; and 401 KAR 5:050, App. K (providing that KPDES regulations are issued pursuant to the Clean Water Act and are intended to be no more stringent than the requirements of the federal act).
See KRS 224.16-050(4) which provides that, "The cabinet shall not impose under any permit issued pursuant to this section any effluent limitation, monitoring requirement, or other condition which is more stringent than the effluent limitation, monitoring requirement, or other condition which would have been applicable under federal regulation if the permit were issued by the federal government."
In response to Farmers' arguments on this issue, the Petitioners assert that the circuit court correctly held that the hog farms must obtain a KPDES permit. Petitioners assert that the Secretary reduced the scope of the KPDES permit program, without there being any actual changes to Kentucky law or administrative regulations. Petitioners assert that the Secretary erred in relying on Waterkeeper Alliance, Inc. v. U.S. E.P.A., 399 F.3d 486 (2nd Cir.) in reversing a longstanding interpretation of a state regulation. Petitioners assert that the circuit court did not make new law, but instead, correctly applied the law and regulations to the facts. In support of that argument, the Petitioners assert that: (1) the 25-year rain event exclusion does not apply to large CAFOs; (2) that even if the 25-year rain event exclusion applies to large CAFOs, the Farmers have not fulfilled its requirement and are, therefore, large CAFOs, required to obtain discharge permits; and (3) that Waterkeeper, supra, does not dictate a different result.
In which the U.S. EPA took the position that animal feeding operations without a direct discharge into a jurisdictional water body are not subject to the full NPDES permitting process.
First, the Petitioners assert that the 25-year rain event exclusion does not apply to large CAFOs. They assert that the rain event exclusion applies only to exclude small and medium-sized CAFOs from discharge permit requirements. They argue that the Kentucky exclusion mirrors one which was eliminated from the federal Clean Water Act regulations in 2003, and that, accordingly, Farmers' facilities are CAFOs under the federal definition of the term. Thus, the Petitioners argue that the exclusion should have also been deleted from the Kentucky regulations in 2004, to help insure that Kentucky would implement the Clean Water Act in a manner consistent with the federal requirements. The Petitioners note, as the circuit court did, that previously, the Cabinet had not applied this exclusion to large CAFOs, and that the change of interpretation on the part of the Secretary in this case was unreasonable and not in accord with Kentucky law. They assert that the decision in Waterkeeper, supra, has no application to Kentucky law on this issue because it is based on a much different and narrower federal statute. The Petitioners argue that AFOs meeting the thresholds set forth in 401 KAR 5:002 Section 1(58)(a)(eff. December 8, 1999) are CAFOs per se and are, accordingly, subject to the full permitting process required for issuance of a KPDES permit.
Concerning this argument, we note that it is not the province of this Court to opine whether or not the General Assembly should or should not have deleted certain provisions from its regulations, and believe this is an argument more appropriately made to the legislature.
Specifically, the circuit court, at pp. 7-16 of its opinion, found that the Secretary erred in relying upon Waterkeeper in making its determination as to how to interpret the regulatory definition of a CAFO, because the statutory authority under Kentucky law differs significantly from the federal act interpreted in the Waterkeeper case. The circuit court thus held that the Secretary's decision to reinterpret the regulatory definition of CAFO to exempt CAFOs from KPDES permitting requirements was clearly erroneous because Kentucky's water pollution statute is broader than the federal Clean Water Act on the issue of whether a direct discharge is required to trigger the permit requirement. In support of that conclusion, the circuit court found that the Kentucky statute, KRS 224.70-110, unlike the federal Clean Water Act, prohibits both "directly and indirectly" any discharges that "cause or contribute to the pollution of the waters of the Commonwealth." The circuit court concluded that the Kentucky statute and related regulations are far broader and more inclusive than similar provisions in the federal Clean Water Act, insofar as Kentucky's water pollution statute prohibits any discharges either "directly or indirectly," unlike the federal Clean Water Act, which provides that EPA's permitting authority, as set forth in 33 U.S.C. 1311(e), applies only to sources of pollution that "are actually discharging." Accordingly, the circuit court determined that unlike the EPA, which lacked statutory authority to require permits of CAFOs, the Cabinet has abundant statutory authority to address even indirect discharges into Kentucky waterways.
As further support for their arguments, the Petitioners cite the "important" procedural differences between KNDOP permits, which require little or no public participation before a CAFO becomes fully operational, and KPDES permits, which require public notice, comment, and review procedures prior to receiving a permit to operate. Petitioners argue, as the circuit court found, that public participation in the permitting process is important for both due process and public policy reasons.
Below, the Farmers argued that the No-Discharge permits included CNMPs, and therefore, went above and beyond what was required by the CWA. The circuit court disagreed, noting that the Waterkeepercourt specifically held that the nutrient management plan portion of the EPA permitting scheme constituted effluent limitations, and therefore required a public hearing and commentary. Thus, the circuit court concluded that because the Secretary ordered the creation of CNMPs in the final order, those plans must be subject to the full public notice and participation requirements in advance of permit issuance. The circuit court found that this opportunity for advance public participation is a basic principle of due process.
In response to the circuit court's ruling, the Farmers now argue to this Court that at the time their permits were issued, there was no requirement for the submittal of a CNMP in order to receive a No-Discharge permit, and that CNMPs were only required pursuant to the Cabinet's authority to impose special conditions necessary in the best professional judgment of the Cabinet to comply with KRS Chapter 224. The Farmers agree that they never disputed or otherwise challenged the Cabinet's determination to impose a special condition requiring the preparation and submittal of CNMPs in connection with their No-Discharge permits. However, the Farmers assert that below, although the Secretary agreed with Petitioners that there were certain deficiencies in the Farmers' CNMPs that needed to be corrected, the Secretary also found that the permits did not need to be reopened in order to correct the deficiencies. Instead, the Secretary, recognizing that CNMPs are "dynamic plans" which would need to be regularly revised in order to address changes in the Farmers' operations over time, the Secretary ordered that the deficiencies be corrected through amended plans submitted to the Cabinet prior to land application of manure from the facilities.
The Farmers note that no party, including the Farmers, appealed the Secretary's ruling regarding the corrections to the CNMPs. Accordingly, the Farmers assert that the circuit court's ruling concerning the CNMPs in reliance on Waterkeeper,is in error, and that as No-Discharge facilities, they are not required to undergo the public notice and comment procedures for CNMPs that would apply if they were seeking a KPDES permit. This is despite the fact that in the matter sub judice,there was a public notice and comment period for the CNMPs at issue. Moreover, while the Waterkeepercourt considered the nutrient management plans for CAFOs to be an effluent limitation subject to the full advance public notice and comment procedures of the permitting process, it also found that the nutrient plans were "effluent limitations" because they restrict the "rates" of land application of waste and therefore qualify as "any restriction ... on quantities, rates,and concentrations of ... constituents which are discharged from point sources ..." Waterkeeperat 502. However, we note that based on the same "effluent limitation" determination, the court in Waterkeeperalso found that the terms of the required management plans, like other effluent limitations, must be included in NPDES permits and must be subject to CWA public participation requirements. Therefore, this Court is of the opinion that under Waterkeeper,there is only a requirement to publicly notice the CNMP when seeking an NPDES or KPDES permit, and that if the operator certifies that there will be no discharge, the CNMP is not required to go to public comment.
Ultimately, CNMPs are, by their nature, continually changing plans based on the nutrient composition of the soil and manure in order to determine the appropriate application. A review of the Hearing Officer's report and recommendation reveals that it was concerned with the manure application calculations. Because of those concerns, the Hearing Officer recommended remanding the entire permit rather than allowing the plans to be amended. The Secretary, however, upon recognition that the plans would, by their nature, regularly need to be amended depending on the nutrient content of the soil and manure, found that the CNMPs should be amended rather than remanded. Farmers have asserted, and the parties do not dispute, that the CNMPs are in fact continually being amended.
In their reply brief, the Farmers disagree with this argument, stating that at the time of the Secretary's decision in this matter, the federal program included a presumption that large CAFOs would in fact result in discharges, and were thus required to obtain an NPDES discharge permit. The Farmers assert that Waterkeeper subsequently held this presumption to be unlawful and contrary to the CWA, and note that in 2008, the U.S. EPA amended its federal NPDES permit regulations to comply with Waterkeeper The Farmers draw this Court's attention to the fact that the Cabinet also amended its regulations to be consistent with the 2008 federal rule. The Farmers thus argue that this change in law renders Petitioners' position regarding how the Cabinet's regulations must be interpreted moot.
See 68 Fed.Reg. 7176, 7201-02 (Feb. 12, 2003).
In order to obtain authorization under an NPDES permit, the CAFO owner or operator must either apply for an individual NPDES permit or submit a notice of intent for coverage under an NPDES general permit.
See 401 KAR 5:002 Section 1(72)(effective September 25, 2009)(now defining large CAFOs to reference the corresponding federal definition); and 401 KAR 5:005 Section 25(6)(effective September 25, 2009)("If an animal feeding operation does not discharge, does not intend to discharge, and obtains a Kentucky No-Discharge Operational Permit pursuant to this section, the cabinet shall not consider the animal feeding operation a CAFO."
Secondly, the Petitioners argue that even if the 25-year rain event did apply to large CAFOs, the Farmers did not fulfill its requirements, and hence, are large CAFOs, and are required to obtain discharge permits. Petitioners argue that even if a CAFO's production area discharges only during a 25-year rain event, the conditions of the exclusion can be violated by discharges from the land application area, which they assert would be the case for the Farmers after the manure is spread. The Petitioners assert that the Hearing Officer's findings clearly indicated that there would be a discharge from the land application area if the farms were operated as designed and approved, and that the Farmers' assertion that "The Secretary found that the Farmers' operations, as designed and approved, would not result in discharges of pollutants to the waters of the Commonwealth," was misleading. The Petitioners assert that the Secretary's cited finding comes at the end of a section headed, "Facts Relating to the Deep Pits Discharge Issue/Adequacy of Submittals," and clearly pertains only to the production area, and does not take into account the discharge from the land application area.
H.O. Report at 64, fn. 52.
H.O. Report at 113-120.
Below, the Farmers argued that they met the exclusion despite the application from the land application area because the runoff would itself be exempt under another exclusion, the Agriculture Storm Water Runoff (ASWR) exclusion, which is referenced but not defined in 401 KAR 5:002 Section 1(222)(eff. September 8, 2004). The federal regulations, at 40 CFR 122.23(e), establish that runoff from a CAFO's land application is excluded as ASWR only if the facility is operating under approved CNMP, which insures that all the nutrients in the manure are taken up by the plants.
While the Hearing Officer did in fact agree with Petitioners that there would be runoff from the land application area, it accepted the Farmers' argument that the land application runoff would itself be exempt under the ASWR exclusion. The Petitioners argue that this finding was in error because federal law (there being no Kentucky definition of ASWR) clearly establishes that runoff from a CAFO is excluded as ASWR only if the facility is operating under an approved CNMP, which insures that all the nutrients in the manure are taken up by the plants. To this end, the Petitioners note that the Hearing Officer's conclusion, which was adopted by the Secretary, unequivocally stated: "The CNMPs, as approved, do not meet the minimum requirements to qualify the Farmers' operations for the agriculture storm water run-off exemption ...." The Petitioners thus argue that because the permits themselves showed that there would be a prohibited discharge, the Farmers should have been denied No-Discharge permits at that point. The Petitioners argue that failing to require the hog Farmers to obtain discharge permits goes against Kentucky law, which has very specific provisions concerning land application of manure.
H.O. Report, p. 200.
Instead, the Hearing Officer recommended remanding the permits to give them each a third opportunity to meet the legal requirements. The Secretary acknowledged the deficiencies in the Farmers' CNMPs, but ultimately refused to remand the permits.
To this end, the Petitioners direct the attention of this Court to 401 KAR 5:005, which specified that an animal waste handling system "which conveys, stores, or treats manure from [CAFOs] shall ... obtain a KPDES permit ..." Petitioners also note that 401 KAR 5:005 Section 25, applicable to all No-Discharge permits, had always specified that the permits were only available to a facility "which does not discharge. . . to waters of the Commonwealth," and that the last paragraph, for permits covering land application areas, was amended to specify that: "Land application that results in runoff to a stream is prohibited." 401 KAR 5:005 Section 25(7)(c)(7). Thus, Petitioners argue that it was intended for large CAFOs that dispose of their manure through land application to obtain a discharge permit. The Petitioners argue that because the Farmers will apply manure to their fields, and there will be run-off from those fields to which manure is applied, they are not entitled to KNODPs.
In their reply brief to this Court, the Farmers assert that the Petitioners' argument on this issue should fail because neither the Secretary nor the circuit court found that the Farmers' operations would result in direct point source discharges of pollutants. Moreover, the Farmers argue that the CNMPs which Petitioners take issue with have since been revised, and are being revised on an ongoing basis. Alternatively, Farmers assert that Petitioners failed to preserve this issue for appeal, and that Petitioners are not arguing for the first time on appeal that Farmers' operations should be held to constitute a "discharge" facility on the grounds that Farmers have not complied with the Secretary's directive to revise their CNMPs. The Farmers also take issue with Petitioners' arguments regarding waste "run-off" from the Farmers' operations, stating that this argument was not raised below and has not been preserved for appeal. The Farmers also argue that Petitioners' assertions in this regard are unfounded, and that their permits are expressly conditioned to prohibit runoff, even though "runoff" does not constitute a discharge to which KPDES permitting requirements apply in any event. Farmers ultimately argue that if the Petitioners believe that the Farmers' operations will result in discharges, contrary to the condition of the permit, their proper remedy is an enforcement action in the circuit court in the county where the operations are located.
The Farmers note that the circuit court's finding was instead based upon its opinion that the Farmers were required to obtain KPDES discharge permits on the grounds that, in the court's view, in Kentucky, this program extends not just to discharge sources, but also to sources that had the potential to indirectly cause or contribute to water pollution.
Farmers also assert that in any event, they have complied with the Secretary's order, and have submitted revised CNMPs which have been approved by the Cabinet, and with which they have been operating since that time.
See 401 KAR 5:002 Section 1(222)(eff. September 8, 2004). The Farmers also argue that whether or not run-off from their farms would constitute ASWR is beyond the scope of this proceeding.
In making a determination on the various arguments raised by the parties on this issue, we note that upon review of the record and applicable law, the circuit court is correct in its description of KRS 224.70-110 as being broader in scope than Section 402 of the Clean Water Act. It is, nevertheless, important to note that this statute, while broad, is also very general. Indeed, it is the opinion of this Court that this statute is prohibitive and not regulatory in nature - that is, it serves only to generally prohibit activities which are in violation of other specific statutory or regulatory requirements. Thus, we simply cannot agree with the court's accompanying conclusion that the requirements of KRS 224.70-110 can only be satisfied by the issuance of KPDES permits. In truth, KRS 224.70-110 does not in any way address the manner in which the Cabinet is to impose regulatory requirements on activities, such as those proposed by Farmers sub judice, that are subject to its jurisdiction.
And, while KRS 224.70-110 is very general in nature, KRS 224.16-050(4) is unquestionably specific in its mandate, providing that no KPDES permit shall impose limitations, requirements or other conditions more stringent than would have been imposed under a federally issued NPDES permit. The KPDES program is, in fact, expressly constrained by the federal NPDES permit program and, thus, cannot be implemented in a manner that is more stringent than federal law. Accordingly, we cannot agree with the circuit court's determination that Waterkeeper is inapplicable to the issues presented herein. To the contrary, it is directly on point. Waterkeeper clearly provides that an operation only needs a NPDES permit if that operation is a point source discharge. It seems axiomatic that, where no federal NPDES permit would be required, any KPDES permit would necessarily be more stringent, and thus in conflict with KRS 224.16-050(4). Indeed, we note that 401 KAR 5:055 Section 4 specifically provides that:
Section 4: Exclusions: An exclusion from the requirement to obtain a KPDES permit shall be ...
. . . .
(4) A discharge that is not regulated by the U.S. EPA under the Clean Water Act Section 402, 33 U.S.C. 1342.
In its order, the circuit court did not address either KRS 224.16-050(4) nor 401 KAR 5:055 Section 4. We find these provisions to be directly applicable to the issues before us. The NPDES permit program extends only to CAFOs that actually in fact discharge, or propose to discharge, pollutants associated with their operations. Stated simply, no effluent limitations, monitoring requirements, or other conditions would be imposed upon the Farmers' operations under the federal NPDES program, a fact acknowledged by both Petitioners and the circuit court. It thus seems clear that any discharge condition imposed upon these operations pursuant to the KPDES permit program would be more stringent than that required under federal law. The KPDES permit program implements federal law and, therefore, by Kentucky statute, is confined to the scope of its federal counterpart. Thus, the federal regulatory definition of a CAFO is controlling.
In so finding, we need not further address the arguments of the parties concerning the 25-year rain event exclusion and how whether or not the Farmers' operations are CAFOs per se in connection therewith.
Clearly, the federal definition provides that regardless of number and/or weight of animals housed, an operation is only considered a CAFO for permitting purposes if it is a point source discharger. Below, neither the Petitioners nor the circuit court disputed the Secretary's finding of fact that the Farmers' operations would not directly discharge into state waters. Having so stated, we nevertheless address the issue in contention between the parties as to whether or not the Farmers' operations should be deemed "CAFOs per se," under the state definition of CAFOs, codified at 401 KAR 5:002 Section 1(58)(eff. December 8, 1999).
We are in agreement with the circuit court that resolution of this issue turns upon whether 401 KAR 5:002 Section 1(58)(c)(eff. December 8, 1999)applies to prevent the Farmers' operations from being considered CAFOs per se based on the number and weight of the animals alone, and without their operations also having to have an actual discharge. While finding that the interpretations asserted by both parties were reasonable, the Hearing Officer ultimately made a determination in favor of the Farmers, finding that section (c) applied to modify both subsections (a) and (b) and that, accordingly, there is a discharge requirement for AFOs that otherwise meet the numeric and weight thresholds in subsection (a) before they are defined as CAFOs. As noted, the circuit court disagreed, finding that subsection (c) applied only to modify subsection (b), and that the Farmers' operations were large CAFOs per se, based solely on the weight and number of the animals. We cannot agree with the circuit court's opinion in this regard.
As we have previously stated herein, the opinion of the Secretary, if supported by substantial evidence, is entitled to great deference from this Court. As the circuit court itself stated, the Hearing Officer found that either interpretation of the statute as it concerned this issue was reasonable. As our courts have repeatedly held, in most cases, an agency's interpretation of its own regulations is entitled to substantial deference, and it is usually the practice to conform to an agency's construction when that agency was responsible for a regulation's adoption. See Hagan v. Farris, 807 S.W.2d 488, 490 (Ky. 1991). Sub judice, the circuit court substituting its own preferred interpretation of the statute over that of the Secretary, despite the fact that the agency's interpretation was both reasonable and supported by substantial evidence.
Having so found, we turn to Petitioners' contention that even if the 25-year rain event did apply to large CAFOs, the Farmers did not fulfill the statutory requirements for the exclusion and, hence, are required to obtain discharge permits. As noted, Petitioners argue that even if a CAFO's production area discharges only during a 25-year rain event, the conditions of the exclusion can be violated by discharges from the land application area, which they assert would be the case for the Farmers after the manure is spread. A review of the permits issued to Farmers reveals that runoff such as that referenced by Petitioners herein is specifically prohibited. Accordingly, if and when such runoff does occur, Petitioners can, at their choosing, address same through the appropriate judicial channels.
In so finding, we decline to further address the preservation issue raised by the Farmers concerning this issue.
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, we reverse this portion of the circuit court's order finding that KPDES permits were necessary for Farmers' operations, and direct that the Secretary's order as it concerns this issue be reinstated.
As their third basis for appeal, Farmers argue that the Secretary properly determined that neither Jimmy Tosh nor Tosh Farms were required to sign the Farmers' permit applications as a co-permittee, and that the circuit court erred in reversing the Secretary on this issue. Below, Petitioners alleged that Jimmy Tosh and/or Tosh Farms should have been signatories on Farmers' permits. In making this argument, the Petitioners relied upon 401 KAR 5:005 Section 2(2)(a), which, at the time of the Secretary's decision, required that the application for a No-Discharge permit be signed by "the person having primary responsibility for the overall operation of the facility."
Owner of Tosh Farms. Neither Jimmy Tosh, nor Tosh Farms were parties to this proceeding.
At the time of the Secretary's decision, "primary responsibility" was defined as "having the authority to conduct the procedures and practices necessary to ensure that the wastewater system or any portion thereof is operated in accordance with the accepted practices, laws, and administrative regulations of the Commonwealth, or to supervise others in conducting these practices." 401 KAR 5:002 Section 1 (233)(eff. September 8, 2004). In 2009, this definition was amended to clarify that the person having "primary responsibility" for the waste handling systems must have "first-hand responsibility" for, and not just authority to control, such systems. 401 KAR 5:002 Section 1(117)(effective September 25, 2009).
The Secretary rejected Petitioners' claim, determining that based upon the preponderance of the evidence presented at the hearing, Farmers, rather than Jimmy Tosh or Tosh Farms, had primary responsibility for the overall operation of the waste handling system associated with the farming facilities, and that accordingly, neither Jimmy Tosh nor Tosh Farms was required to sign the permit application or otherwise be listed as a co-permittee on the permits. The circuit court reversed the Secretary, finding that the record was "replete with facts that establish that Tosh has overriding authority on virtually all issues that are important to environmental compliance, and that Tosh retains the right 'at his sole discretion' to take over each operation and charge all costs to the farmers."
Evidence was submitted by Farmers to establish that they: (a) raise the pigs; (b) hire the personnel necessary to assist in the farming operations; (c) order the feed and supplies necessary for maintaining the pigs; (d) provide and pay the utilities for their barns; (e) pay the taxes and insurance for their barns; (f) dispose of any dead pigs; (g) purchase the equipment necessary for their operations; (h) maintain records for their operations; and (i) manage the manure generated at their barns, including the implementation of their nutrient management plans.
The Farmers now argue that the Secretary's factual determination on this issue was supported by substantial evidence, and that the circuit court erred in reversing. Citing to facts regarding Tosh's legal control over the pigs to be raised in the barns, the circuit court determined that the Secretary could have found, based on other evidence in the record that Tosh, and not the Farmers, had primary responsibility for the operations. Farmers argue that even if this were true, reversal of the Secretary's determination was improper because the Secretary's decision was supported by substantial evidence in the record. Accordingly, Farmers assert that the circuit court was compelled to affirm, and erred in not doing so.
In response, the Petitioners continue to argue that the circuit court was correct in concluding that Tosh Farms and/or Jimmy Tosh was the person with "primary responsibility for the overall operation of the facility" under 401 KAR 5:005 Section 2(2)(a), and thus should have been signatory to the permit. In support of that assertion, Petitioners argue that: (a) the circuit court applied the appropriate de novo standard of review in finding that as a matter of law applied to undisputed facts, Tosh Farms was the entity with primary responsibility for the overall operation of the facility; and (b) the circuit court correctly determined that the Secretary and Hearing Officer erred in justifying the Cabinet's failure to require Tosh Farms to be a signatory in these cases, based on failed attempts to impose a per se requirement that all integrators be permit signatories.
First, the Petitioners assert that the circuit court applied the appropriate de novo standard of review in finding that, as a matter of law, Tosh Farms was the entity with primary responsibility for the facility. Petitioners argue that the circuit court was entitled to review this issue de novo because the Secretary's ruling merely reflected an "application of undisputed facts to the law." Petitioners argue that the agency, at the time of review and issuance of the permits in question, undertook no inquiry into whether the signatories on the applications were the individuals with "primary responsibility," and that this was an abdication of the agency's regulatory duty to ensure compliance with its own rules. The Petitioners assert that the circuit court's determination that Tosh and/or Tosh Farms was in fact that individual with "primary responsibility" for the farms was supported by substantial evidence, and was correct as a matter of law. The Petitioners argue that Farmers are only the day-to-day contract agents of a principal who controls all significant decisions with respect to the composition and disposition of the wastes. The Petitioners assert that the contractual relationship between Tosh and the Farmers should not be allowed to shield Tosh from accountability for the degree of control and authority he wields over the farms at issue.
In support of that assertion, the Petitioners note that it is Tosh, and not the farmers, who: (1) owns, delivers, and retrieves the pigs, and who exercises contractual authority to preclude the permittee from raising any other pigs on the property during the term of the contract; (2) determines the organic composition of the manure by controlling the feed mixture, ratio, and quantity, as well as any additives included therein; (3) determines the manner of storage of the excreted manure; (4) determines the manner in which ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, particulates, and other constituents are released into the atmosphere; (5) contracts for and dictates the design of the barns, including ventilation and storage beneath same; (6) requires prior approval before any departures from the designs; (7) dictates the disposition of the manure and the manner in which it would be disposed or "utilized"; (8) has employees who will inspect the facilities once every two or three days and once a week thereafter; (9) possesses the right to unilaterally determine whether or not particular pigs are acceptable; (10) controls the internal floor plan of the barns, the type of feeders, and the use and type of sprinklers; and (11) may intercede and assume control if he believes the permittee is not properly operating the facility.
In their reply brief to this Court, Farmers disagree that the applicable standard of review to be applied by the circuit court was de novo, and dispute the Petitioners' contention that resolution of this issue is limited only to the application of the law to undisputed facts. To the contrary, Farmers assert that the facts concerning whether and to what degree Farmers, Tosh, and Tosh Farms had control or responsibility for the handling of the waste at the farms was a matter of great dispute on which much evidence and testimony was submitted. Thus, Farmers argue that the issue of which persons had "primary responsibility" for waste handling at the farms was a factual determination that required the Secretary to weigh the evidence presented and make judgments regarding the credibility of witnesses. Accordingly, Farmers re-assert their position that a substantial evidence review, and not a de novo review, is appropriate. In the alternative, the Farmers assert that even if the determination of who had "primary responsibility" was a legal issue, this Court should defer to the Cabinet's interpretation regarding who is the proper entity responsible for permit compliance, which, in this instance, was the Farmers who were responsible for the day-to-day handling of waste at the facility.
On this point, the Farmers argue that the determinative issue is who has primary responsibility for the waste handling systems at the Farmers' operations, not who has control over the interior design of the barns and other related matters.
As their second basis for arguing that Tosh should have been a signatory on the permits, the Petitioners argue that the circuit court correctly determined that the Secretary and Hearing Officer erred in justifying the Cabinet's failure to require Tosh Farms to be a signatory in these cases, based on failed attempts to impose a per se requirement that all integrators be permit signatories. Below, in the course of addressing past efforts on the part of the Cabinet to impose a categorical requirement that all integrators sign permit applications (an effort which was rejected by both the courts and the General Assembly), the Cabinet asserted that it lacked the power to require Tosh Farms to sign an application. As did the circuit court in its opinion, Petitioners take issue with this conclusion, asserting that the validity of legislative action or inaction on past Cabinet regulations is not at issue in this proceeding, and that the issue is governed only by construction and application of401 KAR 5:005 Section 2(2)(a)(eff. May 14, 1987).
In response to this argument, the Farmers assert that the Secretary's point on this issue was merely that, because the prior regulations are now defunct, there is no per se requirement that Tosh Farms (even if it is considered an integrator) be listed as a co-permittee on the Farmers' permits, and that the Secretary's factual finding regarding who had "primary responsibility" for the Farmers' operations was separate and independently supported.
Having reviewed the record and the regulation at issue, we are of the opinion that the Secretary's finding that Farmers, and not Tosh or Tosh Farms, were the individuals with primary responsibility for the day-to-day operations of the farms was supported by substantial evidence. As noted, Petitioners assert that the circuit court was entitled to review this issue de novo, arguing that a decision consisted solely of applying the law to a set of undisputed facts. To the contrary, our review of the record reveals that there was much factual dispute below, and a great deal of evidence presented, concerning which persons or entities had control over the day-to-day operations of the farms, and to what degree. Accordingly, it was the duty of the circuit court to determine whether or not the opinion of the Secretary was supported by substantial evidence, and we disagree with the circuit court's finding that, "as a matter of law," Tosh Farms exercised primary responsibility over Farmers' facilities.
The Secretary, in rejecting Petitioners' claim below, determined that by a preponderance of the evidence, Farmers, rather than Tosh or Tosh Farms, had primary responsibility for the overall operation of the waste handling system associated with the farming facilities. The circuit court, in reversing, substituted its judgment for that of the Hearing Officer as to the weight and credibility of the evidence finding that, based on other evidence in the record, the Secretary could have found that Tosh was primarily responsible and not the Farmers. Further, the court stated that, "The law in this Commonwealth [which] clearly provides that the judicial standard of review of an agency's decision is largely deferential, and as long as there is substantial evidence in the record to support the agency's decision, the court must defer to the agency, even if there is conflicting evidence," 500 Associates, Inc. v. Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, 204 S.W.3d 121, 131-132 (Ky.App. 2006), and then rendered an opinion which we believe is contrary to that standard. "Having reviewed the record, we believe the Secretary's decision to have been supported by substantial evidence.
Such being the case, reversal would only have been appropriate had the Secretary incorrectly applied the law to the facts. We do not believe such was the case. Sub judice, the Secretary properly held that this issue was governed by the definition of primary responsibility as set forth in 401 KAR 5:002. We find that the Secretary's interpretation of the Cabinet's own regulation was reasonable, and was therefore required to be afforded deference by the circuit court. See Commonwealth v. Family Home Health Care, Inc., 98 S.W.3d 524, 527 (Ky.App. 2003). Our review of the circuit court's order reveals that it imposed its own interpretation of the law, rather than deferring to the Cabinet's interpretation regarding who is the proper entity responsible for permit compliance. Accordingly, we believe reversal of the circuit court is appropriate.
In so finding, we briefly address Petitioners' argument concerning the Cabinet's past failed attempts to impose categorical integrator liability, attempts which were dismissed by the courts and the legislature. On this point, we are in agreement with the Petitioners and the circuit court that reliance on this history in an attempt to support the Secretary's ruling is erroneous. Indeed, this Court is of the opinion that resolution of this issue turns solely on the construction and application of 401 KAR 5:005 Section 2(2)(a) to the facts of this matter. The mere fact that the legislature declined to adopt administrative regulations imposing per se integrator liability cannot in and of itself be interpreted to mean that an individual who is primarily responsible, as that term is defined by Kentucky law, cannot be required to sign as a co-permittee, if in fact such a finding is supported by substantial evidence.
We now turn to the fourth basis of appeal raised by Farmers, namely that the Secretary properly determined that the Cabinet was not required to exercise its discretionary, "special condition" authority to require analysis or permit conditions relating to hazardous or toxic air emissions, and that the circuit court erred in reversing the Secretary on this issue. Below, Petitioners alleged that in issuing No-Discharge permits to Farmers, the Cabinet failed to properly apply 401 KAR 63:020, a Kentucky regulation relating to "potentially hazardous," or "toxic" air emissions. Specifically, the Petitioners alleged that prior to issuing the No-Discharge permits to the Farmers, the Cabinet was required to make an evaluation or assessment of the farms' potential emissions of air pollutants covered by 401 KAR 63:020, and to impose conditions in Farmers' water permits relating to compliance with that regulation.
Pursuant to 401 KAR 5:005 Section 25(7)(a), the Cabinet "may" impose "special conditions that in the best professional judgment of the cabinet are necessary to comply with KRS Chapter 224 and 401 KAR Chapters 4 through 11." Below, the Petitioners claimed that pursuant to this provision, the Cabinet was required to consider regulatory requirements relating to 401 KAR 63:020 when issuing the Farmers' permits.
The Hearing Officer's initial report contained approximately twelve pages of factual findings on this issue, supporting two recommendations that the permits be remanded for failure of the Cabinet and the Farmers to comply with 401 KAR 63.020. The Secretary declined to adopt the recommendations of the Hearing Officer, and rejected Petitioners' claim, determining that a special permit condition implementing or restating the requirements of 401 KAR 63:020, and/or a formal evaluation or assessment under that regulation, were not required. The Secretary relied on evidence presented at the hearing demonstrating that there is currently inadequate data regarding the level of, and effect of, air emissions from agricultural feeding operations as the basis for finding that it was reasonable for the Division to decline to apply 401 KAR 63:020 to Farmers' operations. The circuit court reversed the Secretary's determination, finding that the Secretary improperly relied on the Cabinet's planned repeal of the regulation as justification for not enforcing it; that "the Secretary failed to articulate any valid reason" for the holding, and that the Cabinet should have exercised its "special condition" discretionary authority under 401 KAR 5:005 and required an "individualized evaluation" of the potential air emissions from the farms.
See H.O Report, pp. 161-172.
Stating that the Petitioners, "[H]ave met their burden of proof to establish the Farmers' proposed operations will be covered under 401 KAR 63:020 because the Farmers will each be controlling a source (1.78 million gallons of liquid manure per farm) which will generate known toxic substances ammonia and hydrogen sulfide and, thus, the Farmers should be expressly required on these permits to handle said source with the utmost care in consideration of said potential for harmful effects. The Citizens have also established on this record that the Cabinet failed to make a reasoned BPJ analysis as to the adequacy of the operations' proposed controls (none) to address said hazardous emissions and the potential harmful effects of such emissions."
In a footnote, the Secretary noted that after the evidentiary hearing, the Cabinet proposed to repeal and replace 401 KAR 63:020 with an "updated" program addressing toxic air emissions. See Order, p. 8. The Secretary noted that if the regulation should be repealed as anticipated, Petitioners' claim on this issue would become moot. Following the Secretary's Order, the proposed repeal of 401 KAR 63:020 was withdrawn.
The Farmers assert that this portion of the Secretary's opinion was only dicta, while the Petitioners argue that the Secretary grounded its opinion on the belief that the agency could ignore its own properly adopted regulations with respect to a permitting or compliance action because it contemplated repealing the regulation in the near future. We do not agree with Petitioners' assertion that the proposed repeal of this provision was the basis for the Secretary's opinion, and note upon review that the Secretary had other, independent grounds upon which the findings were based. Accordingly, we decline to address this issue further herein.
The Farmers now argue that the circuit court erred in reversing, and that the Secretary's ruling was supported by substantial evidence and must be affirmed. Moreover, the Farmers argue that aside from the substantial evidence standard, the deference owed to the Cabinet under Kentucky law and 401 KAR 5:005 further requires that the Secretary's ruling on this issue be affirmed, as by its express terms, a decision by the Cabinet regarding whether to impose "special conditions," in a No-Discharge permit is discretionary and highly deferential. Finally, the Farmers assert that even if the Secretary's decision on this issue was found not to be supported by substantial evidence, this Court should affirm the decision because it was correct as a matter of law on other grounds.
Specifically, the Farmers cite to testimony from expert witness Peter Goodmann, who was called by the Cabinet and Petitioners, and Cabinet fact witness Diana Andrews, Assistant Director of the Cabinet Division for Air Quality, who testified that there were not sufficient data, nor evidence of harmful air emissions from agricultural feeding operations, to justify applying 401 KAR 63:020 to the permits at issue. They also state that, as the Secretary recognized, both the EPA and the National Academy of Sciences have affirmatively stated that there was inadequate scientific data available regarding air emissions from farming operations or the impacts of any such air emissions.
More specifically, Farmers argue that the plain language of 401 KAR 63:020 indicates that it is a self-implementing regulation and does not need to be specifically addressed in permits issued by the Cabinet. The Farmers argue that this regulation is not a permitting regulation, and as such, its requirements do not need to be incorporated into a permit in order to be enforceable. Thus, they argue that even if adequate data existed regarding air emissions from animal feeding operations to justify requiring compliance with 401 KAR 63:020, it would still be proper for the Cabinet to decline to exercise its discretion to impose a "special condition" relating to that obligation because the Cabinet could enforce the statute on a stand-alone basis if it wished. Farmers assert that the Cabinet's decision as to whether to impose special conditions in No-Discharge permits is virtually entirely discretionary, and that to succeed on their claim pertaining to this issue below, Petitioners were required to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the Cabinet was required to exercise its discretionary authority to impose a "special" condition in Farmers' permit relating to toxic air emissions.
Moreover, Farmers argue that the Division did in fact evaluate the adequacy of air emission controls as part of the Farmers' permits, and that as a result of that assessment, and under its "special condition" authority, the Cabinet imposed provisions in the Farmers' permits addressing odor, which was the central complaint highlighted in Petitioners' air emission claims. Thus, the Farmers argue that, contrary to Petitioners' claims, air emissions were not ignored in connection with these permits.
Specifically, the permits impose requirements regarding the minimum distance allowed between the Farmers' operations and neighboring properties, and also provide that common law nuisance claims are not barred by the permits.
In response, the Petitioners argue that the circuit court properly found that the Cabinet failed to fully enforce its own regulatory requirements regarding protection of the public from air toxins. They assert that (1) the Cabinet cannot excuse, without acting in an arbitrary manner, the failure to have conducted an individualized review of the potential of the Farmers' facilities to generate air toxics on the basis that it is a "water permit" because it already utilized another air quality regulation to address and regulate odors from the storage of animal waste at these same facilities; (2) Farmers are incorrect in their assertion that because the EPA has yet to determine if animal feeding operations emit potentially hazardous matter or toxic substances as required under 401 KAR 63:020, then it was not necessary for the Cabinet to require implementation of the statute pursuant to its special condition authority; and, that it is the responsibility of the Cabinet, and not the EPA, to implement 401 KAR 63:020.
First, Petitioners argue that 401 KAR 63:020 is a regulation promulgated pursuant to KRS Chapter 224, and that it is thus within the ambit of the regulations to be applied under 401 KAR 5:005 Sections 24(4)(a) and 25(2). They thus assert that the argument that the facility is permitted under a "water permit" is flawed because the Cabinet clearly utilized an air quality regulation to address and regulate odors from the facilities' storage of animal wastes. Petitioners state that 401 KAR 50:010, the secondary ambient odor standard, is a regulation that applies irrespective of whether a source is required to be permitted and, we note, that the Cabinet did apply it during its permit review process.
The Farmers argue in their reply brief that the fact that the cabinet may determine that special conditions are necessary in some cases but not in others only further illustrates the highly discretionary nature of "special" No-Discharge permit conditions. They assert that although the Cabinet may decline to impose a special permit condition implementing 401 KAR 63:020 in the Farmers' permits does not result in 401 KAR 63:020 having no effect or force, and that the Cabinet is still free to enforce the prohibition against toxic air emissions against any Kentucky facility, including Farmers' operations, at any time.
They argue that the Cabinet clearly had an obligation to conduct an individualized review of the adequacy of controls and/or procedures implemented by the Farmers to control emissions at their particular facilities, and that it failed to do so. Petitioners assert that 401 KAR 63:020 clearly requires that the Cabinet make an individual evaluation where a facility "may emit" potentially hazardous material or toxic substances, and that in the face of admitted knowledge of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, they are required to do so.
The Petitioners direct this Court's attention to the testimony of Ms. Andrews, who acknowledged that the Division of Air Quality "has no files regarding these facilities," and that there is no written documentation from the Division of Air Quality to the Division of Water.
In their reply brief, Farmers dispute this assertion, stating that nothing in 401 KAR 5:005 Section 25 requires that an individualized, formal review process be conducted prior to a determination that, in the Cabinet's discretion, a particular special permit condition is not necessary. Farmers assert that 401 KAR 63:020 is not a permitting regulation, and in no way requires an individualized, formal "special condition" review process in connection with the issuance of a No-Discharge water permit under 401 KAR 5:005 Section 25.
Petitioners also dispute Farmers' reliance upon the fact that the EPA has yet to determine if animal feeding operations emit potentially hazardous matter or toxic substances as required under 401 KAR 63:020. They assert that it is not the EPA's responsibility to implement 401 KAR 63:020, but the responsibility of the Cabinet. Petitioners also argue that in any event, the EPA is merely attempting to find a reliable method to develop standardized emissions factors that would lessen the cost of monitoring, not to determine whether or not the emissions themselves are harmful. Petitioners assert that it is obvious that the emissions are harmful, and note that the EPA has in fact engaged certain CAFOs in voluntary consent orders as part of the development of updated emissions factors for CAFOs. Consequently, they argue that the circuit court was correct in holding that the Cabinet's decision to decline to impose a special permit condition was arbitrary, and that the circuit court was correct in reversing same.
To this end, Petitioners note that the EPA describes various air pollutants known to be emitted by AFOs, including ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds, the first two of which are considered hazardous substances under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), the release of which must be reported if found in sufficient quantities. See 70 F.R. 4959, C Ex 3d.
Having reviewed the record and the arguments of the parties on this issue, it appears that both parties agree that the Cabinet was required to impose a special permit condition only when, in the Cabinet's "best professional judgment," a "special" permit condition was "necessary" to implement 401 KAR 63:020. The Cabinet's authority in this regard is highly discretionary and, thus, entitled to great deference. The Petitioners were required to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the Cabinet was required to exercise its discretionary authority to impose a "special" condition in Farmers' permit relating to toxic air emissions. Upon review of the record, we do not believe that burden was met in this instance.
Further, and we believe, importantly, Petitioners do not dispute that the Cabinet can, at any time, enforce the provisions of 401 KAR 63:020, whether its provisions are specifically restated and implemented in an individual permit. Upon review of 401 KAR 63:020, we are in agreement with Farmers and the Secretary that it is, ultimately, an administrative regulation administered by the Cabinet's Division for Air Quality, and one which is self-implementing. We disagree with the circuit court's conclusion that 401 KAR 5:005 requires an "individualized evaluation" of each operation's potential for discharges of air pollutants. Certainly, at any time and whether or not specifically stated in the individual permits, the Cabinet can compel compliance with its air quality regulations. Accordingly, we disagree with the circuit court's determination that each permit was required to include an individualized evaluation of potential for emission of air pollutants.
Having so found, we need not address the arguments of the parties concerning whether or not adequate data exists to establish that emissions from facilities, such as those run by the Farmers, are harmful to the extent that compliance with 401 KAR 63:020 would be required. Indeed, if data regarding air emissions from animal feeding operations to justify requiring compliance with 401 KAR 63:020 is presented, the Cabinet retains the authority to require compliance with this provision at any time.
Finally, we note that the permits at issue in this matter were issued by the Cabinet's Division of Water as an exercise of its authority to control water pollution. These permits do not, and should not, in the opinion of this Court, represent an exercise of the Cabinet's separate authority to prevent air pollution. Indeed, the order issued by the circuit court has the effect of forcing the Division of Water to act outside of its specific area of technical expertise. It is the opinion of this Court that allowing the circuit court decision to stand would create ambiguity and uncertainty about where to draw the line between permitting programs, and that implementation of 401 KAR 63:020 is a question appropriately decided through the air permitting, and not the water permitting, process. Accordingly, we reverse.
As their fifth basis for appeal, Farmers argue that the Secretary properly determined that the Cabinet was not required to exercise its discretionary "special condition" authority to require additional pathogen controls in Farmers' permits, and that the circuit court erred in reversing the Secretary's determination on this issue. Below, Petitioners contended that the Cabinet was required to impose specific conditions in the Farmers' permits for the control of discharges containing pathogens as a constituent of animal waste.
As with Petitioners' claim relating to 401 KAR 63:020, the "special conditions" provision of 401 KAR 5:005 Section 25 governed the resolution of this claim. The Farmers argue that none of the mandatory conditions required to be included in a No-Discharge permit relate to effluent limits for or other limitations respecting pathogens and, thus, they argue that any such permit condition is proper for inclusion in the Farmers' permit only as a discretionary "special condition" that the Cabinet may impose in its "best professional judgment." The Secretary determined that special permit conditions setting forth effluent limitations, or other requirements relating to pathogens, should not, in the discretion of the agency, be required for the permits at issue.
The circuit court reversed, finding that Farmers' permits ran afoul of KRS 224.10-100(5) and (19), and that the Cabinet failed to include limits, control technologies, or monitoring requirements regarding pathogens in the Farmers' permits.
KRS 224.10-100(5) states that the Cabinet shall have the authority to "[p]rovide for the prevention, abatement, and control of all water, land, and air pollution, including but not limited to that related to particulates, pesticides, gases, dust, vapors, noise, radiation, odor, nutrients, heated liquid, or other contaminants." Further, KRS 224.10-100(19) states that the Cabinet may issue, modify, and revoke permits for facilities that may generate air or water pollution.
Specifically, the circuit court held that, "There is no factual dispute that the permits, as issued, omit any specific reference to pathogen controls despite the fact, as the Hearing Officer noted, that pathogens are clearly present in manure at levels that pose a potential risk to human health and the environment. The Court finds that it was erroneous as a matter of law for the Cabinet to omit any reference to pathogen controls in the permits it issued to the facilities. The Cabinet clearly had notice of the pathogen issue through commenters [sic] during the public hearing process and through evidence introduced at the hearing by Petitioners. The Court remands this matter in order for the Cabinet to evaluate the risk of pathogens and the need for pathogen controls as a permit condition." Circuit Court Opinion and Order at 26.
Farmers argue that contrary to the circuit court's holding, these statutory provisions merely grant the Cabinet "authority" to generally prevent, abate or control water, land and air pollution, and provide authority for the Cabinet to issue, modify and revoke permits. Farmers argue that the Secretary's ruling on this issue was supported by substantial evidence in the record. They note that as the Secretary concluded, there is no express requirement for an effluent limitation relating to pathogens in No-Discharge permits because the operations do not, by definition, involve discharges to waters of the Commonwealth. Further, Farmers note that their permits in fact contain numerous conditions designed to prevent runoff of manure and otherwise control pathogens. Accordingly, the Farmers argue that the circuit court improperly reweighed the evidence and second-guessed the Cabinet's discretion not to impose a special condition relating to pathogens. They thus assert that the Secretary's ruling should be reinstated.
These conditions include requirements that the Farmers: (a) prepare and implement CNMPs; (b) inject the manure produced at their facilities four to six inches into the soil; (c) apply manure in accordance with the setbacks included in their operating permits; and (d) maintain buffer strips around manure retention structures, animal holding areas, and land application areas to prevent soil erosion and run-off of manure.
In response, the Petitioners argue that the circuit court was correct in remanding the permits because the Cabinet had failed to evaluate the pathogen risk despite being put on notice of its dangers. In response to Farmers' arguments that the pathogens are adequately controlled through the CNMPs and setbacks, the Petitioners argue that the Cabinet cannot know the extent of the problem without first investigating it, and that, in any event, the CNMPs have been found to be deficient by the Hearing Officer, the Secretary, and the circuit court. The Petitioners also argue that setbacks alone cannot prevent pathogen contamination. The Petitioners argue that based upon EPA recognition of the seriousness of the problem of potential disease-inducing pathogens in animal manure, as well as comments submitted to the Cabinet before the permits were issued, and the Cabinet's failure to respond to the problem, the Cabinet's action on the permits must be found to not be "best professional judgment" as that term is used in 401 KAR 5:005 Sections 24 and 25. The Petitioners thus assert that this Court should affirm the circuit court's decision to remand the permits to address the pathogen issue, and that the Secretary's failure to impose special conditions to monitor and control pathogens should be found to be arbitrary, and not supported by substantial evidence.
In reply, Farmers argue that the Petitioners cite to no authority in the record to support their claims that the Cabinet was required to conduct an individualized review, and that, in any event, the Cabinet did evaluate the need to ensure that pathogens in the manure do not present an environmental risk and, in fact, imposed requirements in Farmers' permits directly aimed at ensuring mitigation of that risk. Regardless, Farmers argue that there is no requirement that the Cabinet must follow a formal evaluation process in reviewing whether a special condition should be imposed in a No-Discharge permit.
Upon review of the applicable law and arguments of the parties, we note that this issue also turns upon the Cabinet's exercise of its special condition authority pursuant to 401 KAR 5:005. As previously explained herein, we believe this authority to be almost entirely discretionary and, thus, not appropriately disturbed absent an action on the part of the Cabinet that is clearly arbitrary. A review of the record reveals that such was not the case sub judice. The record indicates that the Farmers' permits in fact contain numerous conditions designed to prevent runoff of manure and otherwise control pathogens. These conditions include requirements that the Farmers: (a) prepare and implement nutrient management plans; (b) inject the manure produced at their facilities four to six inches into the soil; (c) apply the manure in accordance with the setbacks included in their operating permits; and (d) maintain buffer strips around manure retention structures, animal holding areas, and land application areas to prevent soil erosion and runoff of manure. Further, we note that expert testimony submitted on behalf of the Farmers indicates that injection of the manure into the soil as opposed to a surface application will create a hostile environment for pathogens, because of aggressive soil microbes.
Moreover, and importantly, we note that the permits issued to Farmers in this matter were No-Discharge permits. Because the permits at issue are No-Discharge permits and not KPDES permits, a discharge cannot be assumed. Based upon the evidence submitted, we believe that the Secretary's ruling on this issue was supported by substantial evidence in the record, and was otherwise proper. Further, we simply cannot agree with the circuit court's conclusion that the statutes at issue require permit conditions relating to pathogens. Any authority to impose pathogen controls or limitations in the Farmers' permits is derived solely from the Cabinet's "special condition" authority. The Cabinet, in its best professional judgment, and based upon the evidence of record, decided not to exercise that authority in this instance, and we see no reason to disturb that determination. Accordingly, we reverse.
As their first and only basis for cross-appeal, the Petitioners allege that the circuit court erred in concluding that the Cabinet reasonably exercised its "best professional judgment" in establishing setback requirements for the challenged permits. Under its discretionary "special" condition authority, the Cabinet imposed two types of minimum "setback" distances in the No-Discharge permits issued to Farmers. One type of setback was imposed to protect environmentally sensitive receptors such as lakes, streams, springs, wells, or sinkholes, from water pollution concerns. The second was imposed to protect aesthetic or cultural features, such as residences or businesses, from odor concerns.
During the course of the administrative proceeding below, both Petitioners and Farmers challenged the setback conditions. Farmers asserted that the setbacks were unnecessarily restrictive, considering the fact that their operations were "no-discharge." Conversely, Petitioners claimed that the cultural setbacks should have been greater in order to adequately protect against odor and other concerns. The Secretary adopted the Hearing Officer's recommended findings to reject both claims, and found that the Cabinet reasonably exercised its best professional judgment in establishing setback distances in the permits. The circuit court affirmed.
Below, Petitioners argued to the circuit court, as they now argue to this Court, that the Cabinet failed to exercise "best professional judgment" by failing to impose conditions sufficient to comply with KRS 224.20-110(1). In addressing this issue, the circuit court found the:
Hearing Officer's conclusion regarding this issue to be reasonable and subject to judicial deference. The Cabinet reasonably exercised its best professional judgment in establishing the setbacks and the Court upholds the Secretary's final order to the extent that it found that the Cabinet properly exercised its authority under 401 KAR 5:005 Section 25.Circuit Court Opinion and Order at 28.
Petitioners now argue that the circuit court erred as a matter of law in making this conclusion, and that the record reflects that the Cabinet did not apply "best professional judgment" as that term is defined in 401 KAR Chapter 5, and failed to impose conditions sufficient to prevent unreasonable interference with the "comfortable enjoyment of life or property" of the Petitioners. Petitioners acknowledge that "best professional judgment" is not defined in 401 KAR Chapter 5, but urge this Court to assume that the term was intended to be construed and applied in the context of No-Discharge permits in the same manner that it is applied in the context of discharge permits.
To that end, Petitioners note that the Clean Water Act utilizes the term "best professional judgment" to describe the process by which the water discharge permit writer will set discharge limits and other permit conditions on a case-by-case basis where categorical standards have not been developed, and that 33 U.S.C.§1314(b) sets forth various factors for a "best professional judgment" determination, including the total cost of the application of technology in relation to the effluent reduction benefits to be achieved from such application. They assert that the same type of assessment of various technologies for control of pollution should be utilized in the context of 401 KAR 5:005. Petitioners argue that the setbacks at issue were imposed to address a secondary ambient odor standard, and are no assurance that the prohibition established in KRS 224.20-110(1) will be met.
Under the NPDES and the KPDES discharge permit programs, regulations specify that where the EPA has not promulgated an "effluent limitation guideline" establishing the numeric, technology-based, pollutant effluent limitations that are appropriate and must be imposed in a discharge permit for the source category or subcategory at issue, the permitting agency must impose case-by-case limits based on the agency's "best professional judgment." See 40 C.F.R. §125.3(c) (federal provision relating to the establishment of case-by-case, technology-based NPDES effluent limits), and 401 KAR 5:080 (same in context of Kentucky's KPDES permit program).
Petitioners also take issue with the Cabinet's setbacks because they argue that the setbacks failed to fully protect the utilization of adjoining lands and also lessened the protections for rural residents as compared to their urban neighbors. Petitioners argued below that the approach used to establish the setbacks was arbitrary. And, second, the setbacks established by the agency, which began at the hog facilities and continued to existing off-site structures on adjoining lands created a negative zoning or easement which burdened the lands of others and foreclosed the comfortable enjoyment of those adjoining lands. Petitioners assert that their properties were essentially utilized by the Cabinet as waste management "technologies." They assert that when they moved their dwellings closer to their own property boundaries, the agency took the anomalous action of reducing the setbacks for two of the facilities in order to continue to accommodate the hog farming operations and land application of wastes. Petitioners assert that the punitive nature of the lowering of those setbacks by the agency underscores the questionable nature of setbacks based only on protection of current land uses, and highlights the inconsistency with the statutory mandate of fully protecting the enjoyment of adjoining lands.
Petitioners note that the definition of "air pollution" as set forth in KRS 224.01-010(3)authorizes the Cabinet to establish lower thresholds of protection for utilization of rural lands as compared to suburban or urban lands. Petitioners state that instead, the definition of "air pollution" requires protection of the comfortable enjoyment of all properties. They argue that despite this, in establishing a setback of 3,000 feet from the limits of an incorporated city, while requiring only half that distance from an occupied rural dwelling, the Cabinet undercut the protections intended to be afforded by statute. The Petitioners dispute the Cabinet's reasoning that "an established community has an expectation somewhat different from somebody who lives in the country," and that one "assumes some risk [of odor]" when they live in a rural, agricultural area.
Farmers respond to this argument by asserting that there is no statutory or regulatory requirement to even establish a setback in the first place, much less a requirement regarding the point from which the setback must be measured. Further, they assert that regardless of the setback, compliance with the Kentucky odor standard is required at the boundary of the permitted facility. We agree with the Farmers on this point, and decline to address this particular argument further herein.
Petitioners also argue that without basis in regulation or statute, the Cabinet reframed the standard of "best professional judgment" as being merely the "reasonable accommodation for the attenuation of odors for the surrounding neighbors." Accordingly, Petitioners request that the circuit court decision be reversed on this point, and that this Court remand the permits with directions to conduct an appropriate "best professional judgment" review of available control technologies and the feasibility of those technologies to address and prevent pollution from the Farmers' operations, and that the setbacks be implemented as mandated by KRS 224.20-110 and KRS 224.01-010(3).
In response, Farmers argue first that the Secretary reasonably construed its state No-Discharge permit program "best professional judgment" and "special condition" authority to not require the consideration of factors applicable to the setting of case-by-case effluent limitations under the federal NPDES permit program. Farmers assert that Petitioners have no legal authority for the proposition that where two programs are "related," the terms therein must be construed in the same manner. Moreover, Farmers assert that even if such legal authority existed, it is clear that Kentucky's No-Discharge permit program is not related to federal law requirements for setting case-by-case technology-based discharge effluent limitations in NPDES permits, and that neither KPDES nor NPDES permit discharge limitation requirements are applicable to Kentucky's No-Discharge permit program. In support of this assertion, Farmers note that 401 KAR 5:005 is a water protection permit program established by state law, it is not linked to any federal law, and that it applies only to sources that do not have point source water discharges of pollutants from their facilities. In contrast, the NPDES permit program is implemented pursuant to federal law and regulates only point source discharges of pollutants to regulated waters. The Farmers therefore argue that it was reasonable for the Secretary to decline to interpret 401 KAR 5:005 in the manner advocated by Petitioners, and that the circuit court was correct in affirming the Secretary.
Secondly, the Farmers argue that the Secretary's determination that the special condition setback distances imposed in the Farmers' permits are reasonable is supported by substantial evidence in the record. The Farmers assert that the Cabinet's special condition authority is entirely discretionary, and that it was exercised properly sub judice. They dispute Petitioners' assertion that the Secretary's approval of the setbacks was arbitrary because the setbacks do not meet a "no odor" standard. Farmers argue that beyond the fact that the Cabinet's special condition authority is discretionary, this argument fails because the applicable standard does not state that there will be no odor at Farmer's property boundaries, nor does it guarantee that there will be no "objectionable" odors because sensitivity varies between individuals, and odor emissions can vary greatly due to differing climate conditions.
In support of this assertion the Farmers reference the testimony of Goodmann, the then Manager of the Groundwater and Watershed Management branches of the Division of Water, who explained at the formal hearing that he examined both the "technical and economic feasibility" of the conditions imposed in the Farmers' permits and he attempted to balance "what's reasonable and what's reasonably protective" of the environment. Goodmann testified that in addressing odor concerns from the Farmers' facilities, he considered biofilters and other alleged odor-reducing systems, and that he did not reject such technology outright, but that in attempting to determine what was reasonable and in its best professional judgment, the Cabinet could not verify that biofilters were cost-effective for the Farmers' operations. They also reference the testimony of expert witness Dr. Michael Brumm, who stated that biofilters were not the standard for such operations, and that he knew of only one facility using such technology at that time.
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In deciding this issue, we again note that the Cabinet's special condition authority is entirely discretionary. Having reviewed the record, we are in agreement with the circuit court that the Cabinet's authority was exercised properly in this instance, and that the Secretary's decision was supported by substantial evidence. The record reveals that experts were consulted on this issue, that various technologies were assessed and reviewed. The setbacks established by the Cabinet are rationally related to the permit operations and the use of liquid manure as a fertilizer or soil conditioner, and were made according to the Cabinet's best professional judgment. In so finding, we disagree with Petitioners' argument that we should assume that the term "best professional judgment" was intended to be construed and applied in the context of No-Discharge permits in the same manner that it is applied in the context of discharge permits. We believe it is clear that Kentucky's No-Discharge permit program is not related to federal law requirements for setting case-by-case technology-based discharge effluent limitations in NPDES permits, and that, given neither KPDES nor NPDES permit discharge limitation requirements are applicable to Kentucky's No-Discharge permit program, we see no reason to find otherwise. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court on this issue.
Wherefore, for the foregoing reasons, we hereby affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand this matter to the Franklin Circuit Court for additional proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
CLAYTON, JUDGE, CONCURS.
TAYLOR, JUDGE, CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY. BRIEFS FOR
APPELLANTS/CROSS-
APPELLEES:
David Owen
Carolyn Brown
Kelly D. Bartley
Lexington, Kentucky
ORAL ARGUMENT FOR
APPELLANTS/CROSS-
APPELLEES:
David Owen
Lexington, Kentucky
BRIEF FOR APPELLEES/CROSS-
APPELLANTS:
Randal A. Strobo
Midway, Kentucky
ORAL ARGUMENT FOR
APPELLEES/CROSS-
APPELLANTS:
Hank Graddy
Midway, Kentucky
ORAL ARGUMENT FOR THE
ENERGY AND ENVIROMENT
CABINET:
John West
Frankfort, Kentucky
BRIEF FOR AMICUS CURIAE: Mindy G. Barfield
Lexington, Kentucky