** California’s failure to require such findings renders its death penalty procedures unconstitutional in violation of the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. //1 //1 //1 **/ See Ala. Code, §§ 13A-5-46(f) and 47(d) (1982); Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann., § 13- 703.01(E) (2002); Ark. Code Ann., § 5-4-603(a) (Michie 1993); Colo. Rev.Stat., § 18-1.3-1201(2)(b)dI) and § 18-1.3-1201(2)(c) (2002); State v. White (Del. 1978) 395 A.2d 1082, 1090;Fla. Stat. Ann., § 921.141(3) (West 1985); Ga. Code Ann., § 17-10-30(c) (Harrison 1990); Idaho Code, § 19-2515(8)(a)-(b) (2003); Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann., § 532.025(3) (Michie 1992); La. Code Crim. Proc. Ann., art. 905.7 (West 1993); Md. Ann. Codeart 27, § 413(i) (1993); Miss. Code Ann., § 99-19- 103 (1993); Mont. Code Ann., § 46-18-305 (1993); Neb. Rev.Stat. § 29-2521(2) and § 29-2522 (2002); Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 175.554(3) (Michie 1992); N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann., § 630.5 (IV) (1992); Okla. Stat. Ann., tit. 21, § 701.11 (West 1993); 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann., § 9711 (1982); S.C. Code Ann. § 16-3-20(C) (Law.

In fact, the importance ofwritten findings in capital sentencing is recognized throughoutthis country. Of the 34 post-Furmanstate capital sentencing systems, 25 require some form ofwritten findings specifying the aggravating factors the jury relied on in reaching a death judgment. Nineteen ofthosestates require written findings regardingall penalty aggravating factors found true, while the remaining seven require a written finding as to at least one aggravating factor relied on to impose death.!”* California’s failure to require such findings renders '747 See Ala. Code, §§ 13A-5-46(f) and 47(d) (1982); Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann., § 13- 703.01(E) (2002); Ark. Code Ann., § 5-4-603(a) (Michie 1993); Colo. Rev.Stat., § 18-1.3-1201(2)(b)(II) and § 18-1.3-1201(2)(c) (2002); Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann., § 53a-46a(e) (West 1985); State v. White (Del. 1978) 395 A.2d 1082, 1090; Fla. Stat. Ann., § 921.141(3) (West 1985); Ga. Code Ann., § 17-10-30(c) (Harrison 1990); Idaho Code, § 19-2515(8)(a)-(b) (2003); Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann., § 532.025(3) (Michie 1992); La. Code Crim. Proc. Ann., art. 905.7 (West 1993); Md. Ann. 427 its death penalty procedures unconstitutional in violation of the Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendmentsto the United States Constitution. F. Even if the Absence of the Previously Addressed Procedural Safeguards Does Not Render California’s Death Penalty Scheme Constitutionally Inadequate to Ensure Reliable Capital Sentencing, Denying Them to Capital Defendants Such as Appellant Nevertheless Violates Equal Protection Requirements of the Fourteenth Amendmentto the United S

As Ring v. Arizona has madeclear, the Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant the right to have a unanimousjury makeany factual findings prerequisite to imposition of a death sentence — including, under Penal Codesection 190.3, the finding ofan aggravating circumstance (or circumstances) andthe finding that these aggravators outweigh any andall mitigating circumstances. Absent 45 See Ala. Code §§ 13A-5-46(f), 47(d) (1982); Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13-703(d) (1989); Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-603(a) (Michie 1987); Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 53a-46a(e) (West 1985); State v. White (Del. 1978) 395 A.2d 1082, 1090; Fla. Stat. Ann. § 921.141(3) (West 1985); Ga. Code Ann. § 17-10-30(c)- (Harrison 1990); Idaho Code § 19-2515(e) (1987); Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 532.025(3) (Michie 1988); La. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 905.7 (West 1993); Md. Ann. Code art. 27, § 4131) (1992); Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-103 (1993); Mont. Code Ann. § 46-18-306 (1993); Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2522 (1989); Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 175.554(3) (Michie 1992); N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 630:5(IV) (1992); N.M.Stat. Ann. § 31-20A-3 (Michie 1990); Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 21, § 701.11 (West 1993); 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9711 (1982); S.C. Code Ann. § 16-3-20(c) (Law.

Despite this directive, California’s death penalty scheme affords significantly fewer procedural protections to defendants facing death senténces than to those charged with noncapital crimes. This differential '84 See Ala. Code, §§ 13A-5-46(f) and 47(d) (1982); Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann., § 13-703.01(E) (2002); Ark. Code Ann., § 5-4-603(a) (Michie 1987); Colo. Rev.Stat., § 18-1.3-1201(2)(b)dD and § 18-1.3-1201(2)(c) (2002); Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann., § 53a-46a(e) (West 1985); State v. White (Del. 1978) 395 A.2d 1082, 1090; Fla. Stat. Ann., § 921.141(3) (West 1985); Ga. Code Ann., § 17-10-30(c) (Harrison 1990); Idaho Code, § 19-2515(8)(a)-(b) (2003); Ky. Rev.Stat.

5 § 1122, subd. (b) 20.eenene e nent e ee nenes 328 § 1239, subd. (Db) 0...c cnet n teen teen enna 11 IaS.132-133 6. 116 132-133 § 1538.5 Loeeeteen enn e een enneees 94, 97 § 1538.5, subd. (C)(1) occcc eect eee e ee ee eens 101,114 §12022.5 ...eeecece cence cent n een n ees 5 § 12022.5, former subd. (b)(1) 2.0...ceeee e eee 2,5 § 12022.53, subd. (C) 20...ceceeee n eben nees 2-3,5 § 12022.53, subd. (d) 2...eeee eee eens 2-3, 5 § 12022.53, subd. (€)(1) 2...eeecece teen eees 2-3, 5 § 12022.7, subd. (a) 2...eeteen nen e ene eens 4-5 § 12031, subd. (a(2)(C) 2...c ee nee e nee nnee 178 Stats. 1998, ch. 629, § 2 (Proposition 18) ........... 0.0... eee eee ee 249, 252 Federal Statutes 18 U.S.C. § 3591 occ ccc cece vec eeeceueeeeeveteueeentennesenees 263 18 U.S.C. § 3594 o.oo cece cece ccc cnvcecnveeeuvevunetenernrenes 264 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1) occ ccc cece cece cece eee ceueeeeeteeeeeueeen 290 Pub.L. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996) (AEDPA) .......... 00. cece eee eee 290 Sister-State Statutes Alabama Code § 13A-5-46, subd. (g) . 0.0... ccc cece teen nee 265 Arizona Rev. Statutes § 13.752, subd. (K) ............ 00 cece eee eee 265 Arkansas Code Ann. § 5-4-603, subd. (C) 2.0...eccc eens 264 -lvii- 4 Colorado Rev.Statutes § 18-1.3-1201, subd. (2)(d) ........-..........0.. 264 Delaware Code Ann.tit. 11, § 4209, subds. (c)(3)(b)(1) & (2) .. 0.2.22... 265 Florida Statutes § 921.141, subds.

85 2.00.ceceeee ee een aes 280 ~ CALJIC No. 8.88 2.00.ceceeee eens 183 CODE 21 U.S.C. § 84800ccceens 206 OTHER STATE STATUTES Ala. Code § 13A-5-45 000.ceeeen ees 193 Ala. Code §§ 13A-5-46, 47 2000.eens219 Ala. Code § 13A-5-53 2.teens 219, 223 Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13-703 ........... 000. .000008, 193, 197, 219 Ark. Code Ann. § 5-4-603 20.0000ees 193, 219 Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 16-11-103 ........ 0.000.000.0000 ..0000. 193 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 53a-46a ............0..0.0..00000.

62. See Ala. Code, §§ 13A-5-46(f) and 47(d) (1982); Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann., § 13-703.01(E) (2002); Ark. Code Ann., § 5-4-603(a) (Michie 1987); Colo. Rev. Stat., § 18-1.3-1201(2)(b)(II) and § 18-1.3-1201(2)(c) (2002); Conn. Gen.Stat.

Nineteen of those states require written findings regarding all penalty aggravating factors found true, while the remaining seven require a written finding as to at least one aggravating factor relied on to impose death.” California's failure to require such 6 See Ala. Code, §§ 13A-5-46(f) and 47(d) (1982); Ariz. Rev. Stat.Ann., § 13-703.01(E) (2002); Ark. Code Ann., § 5-4-603(a) (Michie 1987);Colo.