From Casetext: Smarter Legal Research

United States v. Randall

U.S.
Mar 24, 1971
401 U.S. 513 (1971)

Summary

holding that the claims that will have priority in advance of payment to all other creditors are the costs and expenses of administration of the estate

Summary of this case from AgriProcessors, Inc. v. Iowa Quality Beef Supply Network, L.L.C. (In re Tama Beef Packing, Inc.)

Opinion

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH CIRCUIT

No. 125.

Argued February 22, 1971 Decided March 24, 1971

The debtor corporation, kept in possession of its business by court order under Chapter XI of the Bankruptcy Act, did not comply with requirements that it deposit withheld taxes in a special tax account. It was later adjudicated a bankrupt, and the United States asked the bankruptcy court to pay the amount of withheld taxes prior to payment of costs and expenses of the bankruptcy proceedings, pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7501 (a), which provides that the amount of withheld taxes "shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the United States." The referee denied the request, and the District Court and the Court of Appeals agreed. Held: Section 64(a)(1) of the Bankruptcy Act, which is an overriding statement of federal policy on the question of priorities, clearly provides that the first priority in payments from bankrupt estates belongs to the costs and expenses of administration incurred in the bankruptcy proceedings. Pp. 515-517.

419 F.2d 1068, affirmed.

DOUGLAS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which HARLAN, BRENNAN, WHITE, and MARSHALL, JJ., joined. BLACKMUN, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which BURGER, C. J., and BLACK and STEWART, JJ., joined, post, p. 518.

Richard B. Stone argued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief were Solicitor General Griswold, Assistant Attorney General Walters, and Crombie J. D. Garrett.

Kevin J. Gillogly argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief was Daniel C. Ahern.


Halo Metal Products, Inc. (the debtor) was kept in possession of its business by court order under Chapter XI of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. The order required it to open three separate bank accounts for its general, payroll, and tax indebtedness and to make appropriate disbursements from those accounts. Salaries and wages paid were to be credited against the payroll account and checks for wages and for withheld income and social security taxes were to be paid after approval by the referee. Checks for the withheld taxes were to be paid into the tax account. Withdrawals from this account were to be allowed only for payment of withheld taxes and welfare obligations.

The debtor did not comply with those requirements. Although it withheld income and social security taxes from the wages of its employees, it did not deposit them in the special tax account and did not pay them, as required, to the United States.

Later the debtor was adjudicated a bankrupt. The United States, which had previously filed a proof of claim in the Chapter XI proceedings for payment of the taxes, now asked the bankruptcy court to pay the amount of withheld taxes prior to the payment of the costs and expenses of administration of the bankruptcy proceedings. The referee denied the request. The District Court agreed with the referee. The Court of Appeals affirmed the order denying payment, 419 F.2d 1068. The case is here on petition for a writ of certiorari which we granted ( 400 U.S. 817) because of a conflict among the circuits, cf. City of New York v. Rassner, 127 F.2d 703; United States v. Sampsell, 193 F.2d 154; Hercules Service Parts Corp. v. United States, 202 F.2d 938.

The United States relies for its priority on 26 U.S.C. § 7501 (a), which provides:

"Whenever any person is required to collect or withhold any internal revenue tax from any other person and to pay over such tax to the United States, the amount of tax so collected or withheld shall be held to be a special fund in trust for the United States. The amount of such fund shall be assessed, collected, and paid in the same manner and subject to the same provisions and limitations (including penalties) as are applicable with respect to the taxes from which such fund arose."

The argument is that withheld taxes are a trust in favor of the United States. It is answered that the debtor-in-possession failed to segregate the taxes so withheld; hence there was no trust. To that the United States replies that since the debtor-in-possession was a court-appointed officer, the misconduct of the officer should not defeat the trust. And, the argument continues, creditors are not unfairly harmed since the trust funds were never an asset of the estate.

"Where the funds are received by a public officer, such as a receiver or trustee in bankruptcy, the owner of the funds is entitled to priority with respect to the funds so received without further tracing." 5 A. Scott on Trusts § 521, p. 3652 (3d ed. 1967).

We deal, however, with a Bankruptcy Act which we conclude is an overriding statement of federal policy on this question of priorities. Section 64(a)(1) of the Act, 11 U.S.C. § 104 (a)(1) (1964 ed., Supp. V), provides:

"The debts to have priority, in advance of the payment of dividends to creditors, and to be paid in full out of bankrupt estates, and the order of payment, shall be (1) the costs and expenses of administration . . . . Where an order is entered in a proceeding under any chapter of this title directing that bankruptcy be proceeded with, the costs and expenses of administration incurred in the ensuing bankruptcy proceeding . . . shall have priority in advance of payment of the unpaid costs and expenses of administration . . . incurred in the superseded proceeding . . . ."

Until 1926 claims for administrative expenses were subordinate to tax claims. In that year they were placed ahead of taxes. The costs and administrative expenses of a trustee were, however, still subordinate to claims of the referee or creditors for preserving or recovering assets. In 1952 the Act was amended to give priority to administrative expenses of an ensuing bankruptcy proceeding over unpaid administrative expenses of a superseded proceeding.

Page 516 3A Collier on Bankruptcy 2046-2048, 2155-2156 (14th ed. 1969).

44 Stat. 662.

Collier, supra, n. 2, at 2049, 2050 n. 15.

66 Stat. 426. "Unless provision is made for payment of the costs and expenses necessary to liquidate, administer and close the estate in the ensuing bankruptcy proceeding, ahead of all prior incurred and unpaid administration costs and expenses, there is always danger of a breakdown of administration. There should be assurance to the trustee in the ensuing proceeding that the costs and expenses incurred by him, such as bond and insurance premiums, costs of conducting a public sale and compensation for his services and for the services of his attorney, will be paid out of the assets liquidated and administered by him ahead of the prior unpaid costs and expenses." S. Rep. No. 1395, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., 5. In 1966 Congress amended § 17 of the Act so as to make dischargeable all taxes due and owing more than three years prior to bankruptcy except, inter alia, those withheld or collected from others but not paid over. Act of July 5, 1966, 80 Stat. 270.

We have then a progressive legislative development that (1) marks a decline in the grant of a tax preference to the United States and (2) marks an ascending priority for costs and expenses of administration.

We think the statutory policy of subordinating taxes to costs and expenses of administration would not be served by creating or enforcing trusts which eat up an estate, leaving little or nothing for creditors and court officers whose goods and services created the assets. In Nicholas v. United States, 384 U.S. 678, 690-692, we rejected the claim of the United States that under § 7501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code it was entitled to interest accruing after the arrangement under Chapter XI and during the bankruptcy. We so held because to allow interest would run counter to the "strong policy of § 64(a)(1) of the Bankruptcy Act." Id., at 691. To allow the present claimed priority for the principal would by the same token run counter to the grain of the Bankruptcy Act.

This construction conforms with a literal reading of the second sentence of § 7501(a) which makes the amount of such fund payable "in the same manner and subject to the same provisions and limitations . . . as are applicable with respect to the taxes from which such fund arose." In conformity with Nicholas we read those words against the history of the Bankruptcy Act. So read, the fund is as subordinate as the taxes. See In re Green, 264 F. Supp. 849, 851.

What we decide today is also in accord with those decisions which hold that the specific priorities granted by Congress in the Bankruptcy Act govern generalized statutes giving the United States priority in a wide range of situations. Guarantee Co. v. Title Guaranty Co., 224 U.S. 152; Davis v. Pringle, 268 U.S. 315.

The competing Act in those cases was Rev. Stat. § 3466, which read: "Whenever any person indebted to the United States is insolvent, or whenever the estate of any deceased debtor, in the hands of the executors or administrators, is insufficient to pay all Page 518 the debts due from the deceased, the debts due to the United States shall be first satisfied; and the priority hereby established shall extend as well to cases in which a debtor, not having sufficient property to pay all his debts, makes a voluntary assignment thereof, or in which the estate and effects of an absconding, concealed, or absent debtor are attached by process of law, as to cases in which an act of bankruptcy is committed."

Affirmed.


I cannot escape the conviction that the Court's ruling on this very narrow issue dishonors property of the United States and effects a windfall for those who benefit from the ruling.

The amount in issue consists of income and FICA taxes actually withheld from wages of employees. These are not taxes of the debtor. Were it not for the withholding scheme, the amounts would have been paid out to the employees as gross wages and it would have been their obligation, as it was prior to the adoption of withholding, to pay those taxes. Instead, the employer now withholds, and § 7501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, 26 U.S.C. § 7501 (a), appropriately impresses a trust upon the amounts withheld. The Court today defeats the trust only because the arrangement debtor in possession, a corporation which the Court has characterized as "an officer of the bankruptcy court," Nicholas v. United States, 384 U.S. 678, 690 (1966), flagrantly disobeyed the arrangement court's specific order to pay the withholding amounts into a separate bank account. The respondent trustee concedes that if the order had been obeyed, the trustee would have no case. Tr. of Oral Arg. 34.

The decision in Nicholas does not demand the result reached by the Court. That case concerned interest accruing during bankruptcy, not the tax on which the interest was asserted. The present decision is a long step down the road beyond Nicholas.

Neither am I persuaded by the suggestion made by the trustee, and seemingly reflected in the Court's opinion, that a contrary decision would leave little or nothing for administrative costs of the bankruptcy proceeding and therefore would deter orderly administration of bankrupt estates. I suspect that the fact of bankruptcy administration of a vast number of small- or no-asset cases is a sufficient refutation of that suggestion.

I find myself in accord with the views expressed by the Second, Sixth, and Ninth Circuits. City of New York v. Rassner, 127 F.2d 703 (CA2 1942); In re Airline-Arista Printing Corp., 267 F.2d 333 (CA2 1959), aff'g 156 F. Supp. 403 (SDNY 1957); Hercules Service Parts Corp. v. United States, 202 F.2d 938 (CA6 1953); United States v. Sampsell, 193 F.2d 154 (CA9 1951). I would reverse.


Summaries of

United States v. Randall

U.S.
Mar 24, 1971
401 U.S. 513 (1971)

holding that the claims that will have priority in advance of payment to all other creditors are the costs and expenses of administration of the estate

Summary of this case from AgriProcessors, Inc. v. Iowa Quality Beef Supply Network, L.L.C. (In re Tama Beef Packing, Inc.)

In Randall, the Court confronted a situation very similar to this appeal. There, the United States sought, in the bankruptcy proceeding, to satisfy the debtor's pre-petition tax obligations from the debtor's post-petition general assets.

Summary of this case from City of Farrell v. Sharon Steel Corp.

In Randall, the IRS sought to collect withholding taxes in possession of the debtor after the commencement of the case in bankruptcy and which the debtor had failed to segregate into a separate trust account as required by court order.

Summary of this case from Begier v. U.S. I.R.S

In Randall, the Supreme Court held that a statutory provision that deems withheld taxes to be held in trust did not in itself compel the conclusion that funds sought by the IRS were "held in trust" and thus fell outside the debtor's estate.

Summary of this case from Drabkin v. District of Columbia

In United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513, 91 S.Ct. 991, 28 L.Ed.2d 273 (1971) the Court held that the Bankruptcy Act is an overriding expression of federal policy which precludes the imposition of a constructive trust in favor of the I.R.S. against bankruptcy assets, even where the ingredients for a constructive trust are present.

Summary of this case from Matter of Kennedy Cohen, Inc.

In Randall, the Government's general trust fund theory was bolstered by reference to the explicit trust created by the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 7501(a)).

Summary of this case from In re Tamasha Town and Country Club

In Randall, the trustee argued that since the debtor in possession had failed to segregate the taxes withheld, no trust in favor of the United States resulted. (401 U.S. at 515, 91 S.Ct. 991.) Instead of adopting this argument, the Court chose to place its ruling on the survey of legislative developments favoring administrative expenses over tax claims and on the overriding policy of section 64(a), as discussed above.

Summary of this case from In re Tamasha Town and Country Club

In Randall a debtor in possession under Chapter XI of the Bankruptcy Act (repealed in 1979 and replaced by the present Bankruptcy Code) was ordered by the court to pay withheld taxes into a special account.

Summary of this case from Matter of R T Roofing Structures Commercial Framing

In Randall, it was held that claims due the United States for unpaid taxes are accorded less of a priority than administration expenses even though the unpaid taxes accrued during the Receiver's administration.

Summary of this case from Matter of Jack Lopez Wholesale Shirt Laundry

dealing with tax fund trusts under the Bankruptcy Act

Summary of this case from In re Sunrise Paving, Inc.

In United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513, 91 S.Ct. 991, 28 L.Ed.2d 273 (1971), the burden of proving the existence of a trust was properly placed on the government because it brought the action, pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7501(a), to recover from debtor's estate employee taxes which debtor withheld but failed to transfer.

Summary of this case from In re Miller's Auto Supplies, Inc.

In Randall, the debtor-in-possession violated a court order requiring it to establish a separate withholding account and disbursed statutory trust funds.

Summary of this case from In re U.S. Lines, Inc.

In United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513, 91 S.Ct. 991, 28 L.Ed.2d 273 (1971), the Court refused to award a super priority in a case where a debtor-in-possession had stolen income and FICA taxes withheld from employees post petition in violation of the trust impressed by statute upon the funds withheld.

Summary of this case from In re U.S. Lines, Inc.

In Randall, the debtor-in-possession was ordered to maintain a separate bank account for payroll taxes pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7501(a).

Summary of this case from In re Miller's Auto Supplies, Inc.

In Randall, the Supreme Court, by a 5-4 majority, held that, where a Chapter XI debtor-in-possession, though ordered to do so, failed to deposit withheld income and social security taxes in special tax accounts, the funds were not a trust in favor of the federal government, and an IRS claim succumbed to "an overriding statement of federal policy on the question of priorities."

Summary of this case from In re American Intern. Airways, Inc.

concerning a tax trust

Summary of this case from In re Atlantic Mortg. Corp.

In Randall, the debtor-in-possession (DIP) was ordered by the Court to open three separate bank accounts for its general, payroll, and tax indebtednesses and to make appropriate disbursements from those accounts.

Summary of this case from In re Monterey House, Inc.

In Randall, the Supreme Court held that the U.S. was not entitled to payment of untraceable trust funds, whereas in Rohar the tax claimants could get the fund because it was traceable.

Summary of this case from In re Olympic Foundry Co.

In Randall, a debtor-in-possession under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Act was ordered to maintain a separate bank account for payroll taxes.

Summary of this case from In re Major Dynamics, Inc.

In Randall, because there was no specific fund from which withheld taxes were traceable, the Supreme Court decided the United States was not entitled to payment according to the priorities set forth in the Bankruptcy Act of 1898. Randall, however, is clearly distinguishable from the present situation.

Summary of this case from In re Rodriguez

In Randall, the government was seeking payment from the bankruptcy estate for monies which the debtor had neglected to pay and remained unpaid at the time of filing.

Summary of this case from In re Rodriguez

In Randall, supra, because there was no specific fund the Supreme Court decided that the United States was not entitled to payment in accord with the priorities set forth in the Bankruptcy Act.

Summary of this case from In re Razorback Ready-Mix Concrete Co.

In United States v. Randall, 401 U.S. 513, 91 S.Ct. 991, 28 L.Ed.2d 273 (1971), the Supreme Court apparently resolved this issue by concluding that tax trust funds created either by federal or state statute were subject to the priority provisions established by the former Bankruptcy Act.

Summary of this case from In re Nashville White Trucks, Inc.
Case details for

United States v. Randall

Case Details

Full title:UNITED STATES v . RANDALL, TRUSTEE IN BANKRUPTCY

Court:U.S.

Date published: Mar 24, 1971

Citations

401 U.S. 513 (1971)

Citing Cases

In re Tamasha Town and Country Club

All administrative expenses of the superseded arrangement period are subordinated to the administrative…

In re U.S. Lines, Inc.

So firmly fixed was this rule of retaining priorities under the Bankruptcy Act that the Supreme Court applied…