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State v. Kemp

Supreme Court of Connecticut
Apr 22, 1986
199 Conn. 473 (Conn. 1986)

Summary

In State v. Kemp, supra, 199 Conn. at 476, 507 A.2d 1387, this court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying a defendant's request to present expert testimony on the reliability of eyewitness testimony, reasoning that the factors affecting such reliability were within the common knowledge of jurors and that defendants were protected adequately through cross-examination, closing argument and jury instructions that called attention to those factors.

Summary of this case from State v. Williams

Opinion

(10727) (10778)

The defendants, H and R, who were convicted of four counts of the crime of robbery in the first degree, appealed to this court. Held: 1. The trial court did not abuse its discretion or abridge the defendants' sixth amendment right to call witnesses in their defense by excluding expert testimony offered by them to impeach the reliability of identifications of them by three eyewitnesses to the incident; the defendants fully cross-examined each witness, they expounded on the dangers of misidentification during argument, and they had the benefit of the trial court's instructions to the jurors on the factors they could consider in determining the reliability of the identifications. 2. H was not denied either due process or a fair trial by the failure of the trial court to give a jury instruction concerning the elements of accessorial liability; although H might not himself have been armed during the incident, the statutory ( 53a-134 [a] [2]) requirements for robbery in the first degree, as charged here, are satisfied if any participant in the robbery is armed.

Argued February 5, 1986

Decision released April 22, 1986

Substitute information, in each case, charging the defendant with four counts of robbery in the first degree and with one count of assault in the first degree, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of New Haven and tried to the jury before Hadden, J.; after the court dismissed the counts charging the defendants with assault in the first degree, verdict and judgment of guilty of four counts of robbery in the first degree in each case, from which the defendants appealed to this court. No error.

Robin C. Murphy and Stephen F. Frazzini, for the appellants (defendant in each case).

Julia DiCocco Dewey, assistant state's attorney, with whom were Elpedio Vitale, deputy assistant state's attorney, and, on the brief, Arnold Markle, state's attorney, John Durham, assistant state's attorney, and Richard Palombo, Jr., legal intern, for the appellee (state).


The principal issue on these appeals is the propriety of the trial court's ruling excluding expert testimony on the potential for inaccuracy of eyewitness identification of participants in crimes. After a joint jury trial, the defendants, Harold Kemp and his brother Robert Kemp, were found guilty of four counts of robbery in the first degree in violation of General Statutes 53a-134 (a)(2). Harold Kemp was given an effective sentence of five to ten years imprisonment and Robert a sentence of six to twelve years. They have separately appealed their convictions.

The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. On January 31, 1980, between 7:30 and 8 p.m., three black males entered Jimmy's Army and Navy Surplus Store in West Haven and robbed the owner and his employees at gunpoint. The first man to enter the store, later identified as the defendant Harold Kemp, was unarmed but took some leather jackets and money from the cash register. The second man, later identified as the defendant Robert Kemp, carried a shotgun and took personal property from three of the employees. A third male, David Tyson, was armed with a pistol and shot the store's owner while looking for money. The entire robbery lasted approximately five to ten minutes after which the three men fled. Nine days later the defendants were arrested in Newark, New Jersey, while riding in a car with Tyson. The gun used in the shooting was found on the front seat.

David Tyson, not a party to these appeals, pleaded guilty to robbery charges arising out of the incident.

On February 14, 1980, store employees Napolean Gunn and Barry Cohen were able to identity the defendants from three photoboards shown them by police. Each board contained the same pictures arranged in different order. Gunn also identified the defendants in a pretrial lineup conducted in September, 1980. A store customer, Sandra Simpson, was able to identity Robert Kemp from a photographic display shown to her in October, 1980. All three witnesses also made identifications at trial.

Perric Isenstein, another employee of the clothing store, also identified both defendants. He was, however, unable to testify at trial.

The defendants claimed that this was a case of mistaken identity and presented an alibi defense. At trial, to support their argument that the state's witnesses were mistaken, they sought to call as an expert witness, Robert Buckhout, a psychologist and recognized authority on the factors which affect the accuracy of identifications. The defendants offered his testimony to impeach the reliability of the witnesses who identified them. Through Buckhout, they sought to explain to the jury that: "(1) stress, particularly stress during an incident involving violence by a weapon, may decrease the reliability of the identification; (2) memory is not a `recording' device which accurately records an event and does not change over time; (3) the identification process is affected by post-event information learned by a witness; (4) and the level of certainty demonstrated by a person does not reflect a corresponding level of accuracy." After an evidentiary hearing was held outside the presence of the jury, the trial court refused the defendants' offer to introduce the expert testimony.

On appeal, the defendants do not directly attack the reliability of the identifications made, but claim that the trial court erred in excluding Buckhout's testimony. They argue that the court abused its discretion and violated their constitutional right to call witnesses on their own behalf. We find no error.

The trial court has wide discretion in ruling on the qualification of expert witnesses and the admissibility of their opinions. State v. Girolamo, 197 Conn. 201, 214, 496 A.2d 948 (1985); State v. Biller, 190 Conn. 594, 617, 462 A.2d 987 (1983). The court's decision "is not to be disturbed unless [its] discretion has been abused, or the error is clear and involves a misconception of the law. Going v. Pagani, 172 Conn. 29, 35, 372 A.2d 516 (1976)." State v. Biller, supra. Generally, expert testimony is admissible if (1) the witness has a special skill or knowledge directly applicable to a matter in issue, (2) that skill or knowledge is not common to the average person, and (3) the testimony would be helpful to the court or jury in considering the issues. State v. Girolamo, supra; State v. George, 194 Conn. 361, 373, 481 A.2d 1068 (1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1191, 105 S.Ct. 963, 83 L.Ed.2d 968 (1985); Schomer v. Shilepsky, 169 Conn. 186, 191, 363 A.2d 128 (1975); Siladi v. McNamara, 164 Conn. 510, 513, 325 A.2d 277 (1973); Taylor v. Monroe, 43 Conn. 36, 44 (1875); see generally McCormick, Evidence (3d. Ed. 1984) 13.

Although we have never specifically addressed the issue of the admissibility of expert testimony on the reliability of eyewitness identifications, the issue has received increased attention in other courts in recent years. Almost uniformly, state and federal courts have upheld the trial court's exercise of discretion to exclude such testimony. See, e.g., United States v. Purham, 725 F.2d 450, 454 (8th Cir. 1984); United States v. Watson, 587 F.2d 365, 368-69 (7th Cir. 1978), cert. denied sub nom. Davis v. United States, 439 U.S. 1132, 99 S.Ct. 1055, 59 L.Ed.2d 95 (1979); United States v. Amaral, 488 F.2d 1148, 1152-53 (9th Cir. 1973); People v. Lawson, 37 Colo. App. 442, 444-45, 551 P.2d 206 (1976); Taylor v. United States, 451 A.2d 859, 866-67 (D.C.App. 1982); Hooper v. State, 476 So.2d 1253, 1257 (Fla. 1985); People v. Clark, 124 Ill. App.3d 14, 21-22, 463 N.E.2d 981 (1984); Commonwealth v. Francis, 390 Mass. 89, 98-102, 453 N.E.2d 1204 (1983); cf. State v. Chapple, 135 Ariz. 281, 291-92, 660 P.2d 1208 (1983); People v. McDonald, 37 Cal.3d 351, 369-72, 690 P.2d 701, 208 Cal.Rptr. 236 (1984). Such testimony has been excluded on the grounds that the reliability of eyewitness identification is within the knowledge of jurors and expert testimony generally would not assist them in determining the question. See Commonwealth v. Francis, supra, 96-97. Such testimony is also disfavored because, as one court has stated, "it invades the province of the jury to determine what weight or effect it wishes to give to eyewitness testimony." State v. Poland, 144 Ariz. 388, 398, 698 P.2d 183 (1985).

The defendants claim that Buckhout should have been permitted to explain that a witness' expression of certainty does not make the identification more reliable, and that stress, the passage of time and intervening events diminish a witness' ability to make an accurate identification. Matters such as these, however, have generally been found to be within the realm of common experience and can be evaluated without expert assistance. United States v. Amaral, supra, 1153; People v. Clark, supra, 21; Commonwealth v. Francis, supra, 100-101; People v. Brown, 124 Misc.2d 938, 940, 479 N.Y.S.2d 110 (1984). As the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts has recently explained, "one may fairly contend that the jury would be aided by expert testimony. But [expert testimony on eyewitness identification], at least in this case and in most cases, deals with general principles, such as the fact that memories fade over time, that people under severe stress do not acquire information as well as alert persons not under stress, and that people tend unconsciously to resolve apparent inconsistencies between their memories and after-acquired facts. Obviously there are aspects of these general principles on which experts might make some contribution in particular cases. However, juries are not without a general understanding of these principles and, as the trial of this case demonstrates, they see the possible application of these principles in concrete circumstances. The jury [must] have the opportunity to assess the witnesses' credibility on the basis of what is presented at trial and not solely on general principles." Commonwealth v. Francis, supra, 101.

We are aware that in many cases the determination of guilt or innocence depends in large part on the credibility assigned to eyewitness identifications, and that in many instances identifications may be unreliable. See United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 228, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967); see generally note, "Did Your Eyes Deceive You? Expert Psychological Testimony on the Unreliability of Eyewitness Identification," 29 Stan. L. Rev. 969 (1977). This does not mean that a criminal defendant is without protection. Due process requires that such identifications be used only if they are reliable and are not the product of unnecessarily suggestive police procedures. See Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); State v. Perez, 198 Conn. 68, 73, 502 A.2d 368 (1985). The weaknesses of identifications can be explored on cross-examination and during counsel's final arguments to the jury. See United States v. Amaral, supra; People v. Lawson, supra, 445; Commonwealth v. Francis, supra, 100. If the reliability of the identifications can be adequately questioned by such means and the jury is capable of understanding the reasons why they may be unreliable, the introduction of expert testimony would be "a superfluous attempt to put the gloss of expertise, like a bit of frosting, upon inferences which lay persons were equally capable of drawing from the evidence." State v. George, supra. In this case, the defendants fully cross-examined each witness, expounded on the dangers of misidentification during argument and had the benefit of the court's instructions to the jury on the factors it should consider in determining the reliability of the identifications. In conclusion, therefore, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding Buckhout's expert testimony.

In its charge to the jury, the court emphasized the critical nature of the identifications and reviewed various factors which might affect their reliability, including delay, performance under stress and inaccuracy of prior descriptions.

We also reject the defendants' contention that the exclusion of the expert testimony abridged their sixth amendment right to call witnesses in their defense. This right does not grant the defendants the freedom to call any witness they choose. "In the exercise of this right, the accused, as required of the State, must comply with the established rules of procedure and evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability in the ascertainment of guilt and innocence." Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302, 93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973); see also State v. Fullwood, 199 Conn. 281, 284, 507 A.2d 85 (1986). The defendants had ample opportunity to question the witnesses who identified them and expose any weaknesses of the identifications. The trial court properly excluded the proffered expert testimony on the basis that it would not have aided the jury in its deliberations. The court's exercise of discretion excluding the testimony did not under the circumstances violate the defendants' constitutional rights.

The defendant Harold Kemp also claims that the jury should have been instructed on the elements necessary to find him liable as an accessory under General Statutes 53a-8. He argues that he could have been found guilty of robbery in the first degree only as an accessory and that the failure of the trial court to charge the jury on that theory of liability violated his right to due process by relieving the state of its burden of proving the essential elements of the charged offense. See State v. Griffin, 175 Conn. 155, 162-63, 397 A.2d 89 (1978). Because Harold Kemp failed to request such an instruction and to object to the charge as given, we review his claim for the limited purpose of determining whether the trial court deprived him of a fundamental constitutional right and a fair trial. State v. Fleming, 198 Conn. 255, 269-70, 502 A.2d 886 (1986); State v. Sinclair, 197 Conn. 574, 580-81, 500 A.2d 539 (1985).

"[T]here is no practical significance in being labeled an `accessory' or a `principal' for the purpose of determining criminal responsibility." State v. Harris, 198 Conn. 158, 164, 502 A.2d 880 (1985). The terms refer to the alternate means by which one substantive crime may be committed. State v. Baker, 195 Conn. 598, 608, 489 A.2d 1041 (1985).

General Statutes 53a-8 provides: "A person, acting with the mental state required for commission of an offense, who solicits, requests, commands, importunes or intentionally aids another person to engage in conduct which constitutes an offense shall be criminally liable for such conduct and may be prosecuted and punished as if he were the principal offender."

As noted above, the jury could reasonably have found that Harold Kemp was unarmed at the time of the robbery and that he took money and leather goods from the store while his brother robbed the employees with a shotgun and Tyson shot the owner with a pistol. Harold Kemp's argument that he was entitled to a charge on accessorial liability is premised on the contention that he could not have been convicted as a principal to robbery in the first degree under General Statutes 53a-134 (a)(2) because he did not have a gun. The plain language of 53a-134 (a), however, vitiates his claim. Under the statute, a person "is guilty of robbery in the first degree when, in the course of the commission of the crime or of immediate flight therefrom, he or another participant in the crime . . . (2) is armed with a deadly weapon . . . ." (Emphasis added.) The mere fact that Harold Kemp was not armed with a deadly weapon did not prevent the jury from finding him criminally responsible as a principal to the crime when it was apparent that his accomplices were so armed. Thus, contrary to his assertion, Harold Kemp's conviction did not rest on the theory that he was an accessory and therefore the trial court did not deny him the right to due process and a fair trial by failing to instruct the jury on the elements of accessorial liability under General Statutes 53a-8.


Summaries of

State v. Kemp

Supreme Court of Connecticut
Apr 22, 1986
199 Conn. 473 (Conn. 1986)

In State v. Kemp, supra, 199 Conn. at 476, 507 A.2d 1387, this court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying a defendant's request to present expert testimony on the reliability of eyewitness testimony, reasoning that the factors affecting such reliability were within the common knowledge of jurors and that defendants were protected adequately through cross-examination, closing argument and jury instructions that called attention to those factors.

Summary of this case from State v. Williams

In Kemp, the defendants, Harold Kemp and Robert Kemp, who had been charged in connection with the armed robbery of an army and navy surplus store; see id., 474; sought to introduce the expert trial testimony of Robert Buckhout, "a psychologist and recognized authority on the factors [that] affect the accuracy of identifications."

Summary of this case from State v. Outing

In Kemp, this court concluded that counsel could adequately impeach eyewitness identifications without recourse to expert testimony.

Summary of this case from State v. McClendon

In State v. Kemp, 199 Conn. 473, 476, 507 A.2d 1387 (1986), this court established the following standard for assessing whether expert testimony is admissible: Generally, expert testimony is admissible if (1) "the witness has a special skill or knowledge directly applicable to a matter in issue," (2) "the testimony would be helpful to the court or jury in considering the issues," and (3) "[the witness'] skill or knowledge is not common to the average person.

Summary of this case from State v. McClendon

In State v. Kemp, supra, 199 Conn. at 477, 507 A.2d 1387, and State v. McClendon, supra, 248 Conn. at 586, 730 A.2d 1107, our Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's exclusion of expert testimony on eyewitness identification after observing that such testimony had previously "been excluded on the grounds that the reliability of eyewitness identification is within the knowledge of the jurors and expert testimony generally would not assist them in determining the question."

Summary of this case from Outing v. Comm'r of Corr.

noting that "[a]lmost uniformly, state and federal courts have upheld the trial court's exercise of discretion to exclude [expert] testimony [on eyewitness identification]"

Summary of this case from State v. Thelen

In State v. Kemp, 199 Conn. 473, 474-75, 507 A.2d 1378 (1986), our Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether the trial court erred in excluding expert testimony on the potential for inaccuracy in eyewitness identification of criminal participants.

Summary of this case from State v. Elliott

In State v. Kemp, 199 Conn. 473, 477, 507 A.2d 1387 (1986), the Connecticut Supreme Court upheld a trial court's decision to exclude expert testimony on the potential for inaccuracy of eyewitness identifications.

Summary of this case from State v. Maner
Case details for

State v. Kemp

Case Details

Full title:STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. HAROLD KEMP STATE OF CONNECTICUT v. ROBERT KEMP

Court:Supreme Court of Connecticut

Date published: Apr 22, 1986

Citations

199 Conn. 473 (Conn. 1986)
507 A.2d 1387

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