Filed April 14, 2014
of Am. v. Concannon, 249 F.3d 66, 73 (1st Cir. 2001) (“‘[A] state or territorial law can be unenforceable as preempted by federal law even when the federal law secures no individual substantive rights for the party arguing preemption.’” (quoting St. Thomas– Case 1:14-cv-10148-RGS Document 48 Filed 04/14/14 Page 38 of 60 30 St. John Hotel & Tourism Ass’n v. Virgin Islands, 218 F.3d 232, 241 (3d Cir. 2000))), aff’d, 538 U.S. 644 (2003); P.R. Tel. Co. v. Municipality of Guayanilla, 450 F.3d 9, 15 (1st Cir. 2006) (“A party may bring a claim under the Supremacy Clause that a local enactment is preempted even if the federal law at issue does not create a private right of action.” (quoting Qwest Corp. v. City of Santa Fe, 380 F.3d 1258, 1266 (10th Cir.2004))).