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People v. Codding

Supreme Court of Colorado. En Banc
Jun 21, 1976
191 Colo. 168 (Colo. 1976)

Summary

concluding that price tags constitute a written record prepared by someone other than the witness and were offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted—the retail cost of the merchandise

Summary of this case from Stephans v. State, 127 Nev. Adv. Op. No. 45, 52254 (2011)

Opinion

No. 26522

Decided June 21, 1976.

Defendant was convicted of felony theft (shoplifting) and appealed.

Reversed

1. THEFTShoplifting — Felony — Insufficient — Petty — Sufficient. In prosecution for felony theft, arising out of shoplifting, although the evidence was insufficient to support defendant's conviction for felony theft, it was nevertheless sufficient to sustain his conviction on the lesser included offense of petty theft.

2. WITNESSESShoplifting — Store Detective — Pricing of Merchandise — Lack of Access — Not Qualified to Testify. In prosecution for felony theft arising out of shoplifting, store detective — who was not involved in pricing of merchandise, had no access to wholesale or retail price lists, and would not know if the goods were mismarked — was not qualified to testify concerning value of goods as would a shop owner or manager.

3. CRIMINAL EVIDENCEPrice Tags — Inadmissible — Hearsay Rule Exception — — Store Detective — Unaware — How Prices Computed. Where store detective was not aware of process by which price tags were marked, how or when the prices were generally computed, who or what marked the tags, or if the tags were systematically checked for accuracy, held, under such circumstances, price tags were inadmissible under hearsay rule exception for records prepared in the ordinary course of business.

4. THEFTStolen Articles — Some Value — Felony — Conviction — Reduced — Misdemeanor. Where evidence established that stolen articles were new merchandise offered for sale and that they had some value but there was no evidence to support conviction for theft over $100, held, under these circumstances, since lesser included offense of petty theft was before trial court, defendant's conviction of felony theft would be reduced to lesser included offense of misdemeanor theft.

Appeal from the District Court of Adams County, Honorable Abraham Bowling, Judge.

J. D. MacFarlane, Attorney general, Jean E. Dubofsky, Deputy, Edward G. Donovan, Solicitor General, James S. Russell, Assistant, for plaintiff-appellee.

Rollie R. Rogers, State Public Defender, James F. Dumas, Jr., Chief Deputy, Norman R. Mueller, Deputy, for defendant-appellant.


Defendant was found guilty of felony theft in a trial to the court. He was accused of shoplifting two saws and a drill set from a large department store. A store detective testified that she apprehended the defendant with the merchandise after she observed him walk out of the store without paying for them.

1971 Perm. Supp., C.R.S. 1963, 40-4-401(2). Now section 18-4-401(2), C.R.S. 1973.

[1] Defendant now asserts on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to prove that the value of the stolen goods was over $100, a necessary element of the crime of felony theft, and therefore that his conviction on that charge should be reversed. We agree that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for felony theft, but hold that it was sufficient to sustain his conviction on the lesser included offense of petty theft. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for resentencing.

1971 Perm. Supp., C.R.S. 1963, 40-4-401(3). Now section 18-4-401(3), C.R.S. 1973.

[2] The only evidence offered by the People to prove that the value of the stolen goods was over $100 was the testimony of a store detective who had been on the job for eight months. Over defendant's objection, she was permitted to testify that the total value of the stolen merchandise was around $133, based on the price tags attached to the items when she recovered them from the defendant. She also stated that the price tags on the stolen goods were identical to those on similar saws and drills in the store. We hold the trial court improperly considered such evidence in the instant case because no adequate foundation was laid to properly admit it.

The record does not indicate that the store detective was qualified to testify of her own personal knowledge as to the value of the stolen merchandise. Though she professed that part of her job was to know the price of the more expensive pilferageable goods, she admitted that she was not involved in the pricing of the merchandise, had no access to wholesale or retail price lists, and would not know if the goods were mismarked. As such, she was not qualified to testify concerning the value of goods as would a shop owner or manager. Compare, Maisel v. People, 166 Colo. 161, 442 P.2d 399 (1968). Her knowledge was gained exclusively from the price tags on the merchandise.

[3] The price tags, however, should have been excluded as hearsay in this case because they constituted a written record prepared by someone other than the detective and were offered for the truth of the matter asserted on the tags, namely, the retail cost of the merchandise. The tags were inadmissible under the business record exception because no proper foundation had been laid establishing the method of preparing the tags. See Crim. P. 26.2. Though the store detective testified how the tags were used by the cashiers to charge customers, she stated she was not aware of the process by which the tags were marked, how or when the prices were generally computed, who or what marked the tags, or if the tags were systematically checked for accuracy. No evidence was therefore presented to show that the price tags were prepared in the ordinary course of business as trustworthy records.

Without the evidence of the price tags or the testimony of the store detective, no evidence existed to support defendant's conviction for theft over $100. We therefore reverse and dismiss his conviction on this charge.

[4] However, the evidence established that the stolen articles were new merchandise offered for sale and that they had some value. The defendant was therefore guilty of misdemeanor theft. We note that the lesser included offense of petty theft was before the trial court when the defendant's counsel at the end of the trial requested the trial court to consider only the lesser included offense of misdemeanor theft.

We therefore reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand this case for an entry of a judgment of conviction against defendant for misdemeanor theft and proper sentencing thereunder. Compare People v. Morris, 190 Colo. 215, 545 P.2d 151 (1976).

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE PRINGLE does not participate.

MR. JUSTICE KELLEY and MR. JUSTICE GROVES dissent.


Summaries of

People v. Codding

Supreme Court of Colorado. En Banc
Jun 21, 1976
191 Colo. 168 (Colo. 1976)

concluding that price tags constitute a written record prepared by someone other than the witness and were offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted—the retail cost of the merchandise

Summary of this case from Stephans v. State, 127 Nev. Adv. Op. No. 45, 52254 (2011)

In People v. Codding (1976) 191 Colo. 168, 551 P.2d 192, 193, the Colorado Supreme Court concluded that price tags for stolen power tools, about which a department store detective testified, "should have been excluded as hearsay in this case because they constituted a written record prepared by someone other than the detective and were offered for the truth of the matter asserted on the tags, namely, the retail cost of the merchandise."

Summary of this case from The People v. Portillo
Case details for

People v. Codding

Case Details

Full title:The People of the State of Colorado v. Blake Harold Codding

Court:Supreme Court of Colorado. En Banc

Date published: Jun 21, 1976

Citations

191 Colo. 168 (Colo. 1976)
551 P.2d 192

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