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Lambert v. California

U.S.
Dec 16, 1957
355 U.S. 225 (1957)

Summary

holding that defendant was entitled to actual notice of registration requirement where failure to register was punishable as a felony

Summary of this case from Nordholm v. Barkell

Opinion

APPEAL FROM THE APPELLATE DEPARTMENT OF THE SUPERIOR COURT OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES COUNTY.

No. 47.

Argued April 3, 1957. Restored to the docket for reargument June 3, 1957. Reargued October 16-17, 1957. Decided December 16, 1957.

A Los Angeles municipal ordinance makes it an offense for a person who has been convicted of a crime punishable in California as a felony to remain in the City for more than five days without registering with the Chief of Police. On appeal from a conviction for failure to register, held: When applied to a person who has no actual knowledge of his duty to register, and where no showing is made of the probability of such knowledge, this ordinance violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Pp. 226-230.

Reversed.

Samuel C. McMorris argued and reargued the cause and filed a brief for appellant.

Warren M. Christopher reargued the cause, as amicus curiae, in support of the appellant, at the invitation of the Court, 354 U.S. 936, and also filed a brief.

Philip E. Grey argued and reargued the cause for appellee. With him on the briefs was Roger Arnebergh.

Clarence A. Linn, Assistant Attorney General of California, reargued the cause and filed a brief for appellee pursuant to an invitation of the Court, 353 U.S. 979. With him on the brief was Edmund G. Brown, Attorney General.


Section 52.38(a) of the Los Angeles Municipal Code defines "convicted person" as follows:

"Any person who, subsequent to January 1, 1921, has been or hereafter is convicted of an offense punishable as a felony in the State of California, or who has been or who is hereafter convicted of any offense in any place other than the State of California, which offense, if committed in the State of California, would have been punishable as a felony."

Section 52.39 provides that it shall be unlawful for "any convicted person" to be or remain in Los Angeles for a period of more than five days without registering; it requires any person having a place of abode outside the city to register if he comes into the city on five occasions or more during a 30-day period; and it prescribes the information to be furnished the Chief of Police on registering.

Section 52.43(b) makes the failure to register a continuing offense, each day's failure constituting a separate offense.

Appellant, arrested on suspicion of another offense, was charged with a violation of this registration law. The evidence showed that she had been at the time of her arrest a resident of Los Angeles for over seven years. Within that period she had been convicted in Los Angeles of the crime of forgery, an offense which California punishes as a felony. Though convicted of a crime punishable as a felony, she had not at the time of her arrest registered under the Municipal Code. At the trial, appellant asserted that § 52.39 of the Code denies her due process of law and other rights under the Federal Constitution, unnecessary to enumerate. The trial court denied this objection. The case was tried to a jury which found appellant guilty. The court fined her $250 and placed her on probation for three years. Appellant, renewing her constitutional objection, moved for arrest of judgment and a new trial. This motion was denied. On appeal the constitutionality of the Code was again challenged. The Appellate Department of the Superior Court affirmed the judgment, holding there was no merit to the claim that the ordinance was unconstitutional. The case is here on appeal. 28 U.S.C. § 1257 (2). We noted probable jurisdiction, 352 U.S. 914, and designated amicus curiae to appear in support of appellant. The case having been argued and reargued, we now hold that the registration provisions of the Code as sought to be applied here violate the Due Process requirement of the Fourteenth Amendment.

For a recent comprehensive review of these registration laws see Note, 103 U. of Pa. L. Rev. 60 (1954).

The registration provision, carrying criminal penalties, applies if a person has been convicted "of an offense punishable as a felony in the State of California" or, in case he has been convicted in another State, if the offense "would have been punishable as a felony" had it been committed in California. No element of willfulness is by terms included in the ordinance nor read into it by the California court as a condition necessary for a conviction.

We must assume that appellant had no actual knowledge of the requirement that she register under this ordinance, as she offered proof of this defense which was refused. The question is whether a registration act of this character violates due process where it is applied to a person who has no actual knowledge of his duty to register, and where no showing is made of the probability of such knowledge.

We do not go with Blackstone in saying that "a vicious will" is necessary to constitute a crime, 4 Bl. Comm. *21, for conduct alone without regard to the intent of the doer is often sufficient. There is wide latitude in the lawmakers to declare an offense and to exclude elements of knowledge and diligence from its definition. See Chicago, B. Q. R. Co. v. United States, 220 U.S. 559, 578. But we deal here with conduct that is wholly passive — mere failure to register. It is unlike the commission of acts, or the failure to act under circumstances that should alert the doer to the consequences of his deed. Cf. Shevlin-Carpenter Co. v. Minnesota, 218 U.S. 57; United States v. Balint, 258 U.S. 250; United States v. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. 277, 284. The rule that "ignorance of the law will not excuse" ( Shevlin-Carpenter Co. v. Minnesota, supra, p. 68) is deep in our law, as is the principle that of all the powers of local government, the police power is "one of the least limitable." District of Columbia v. Brooke, 214 U.S. 138, 149. On the other hand, due process places some limits on its exercise. Engrained in our concept of due process is the requirement of notice. Notice is sometimes essential so that the citizen has the chance to defend charges. Notice is required before property interests are disturbed, before assessments are made, before penalties are assessed. Notice is required in a myriad of situations where a penalty or forfeiture might be suffered for mere failure to act. Recent cases illustrating the point are Mullane v. Central Hanover Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306; Covey v. Town of Somers, 351 U.S. 141; Walker v. Hutchinson City, 352 U.S. 112. These cases involved only property interests in civil litigation. But the principle is equally appropriate where a person, wholly passive and unaware of any wrongdoing, is brought to the bar of justice for condemnation in a criminal case.

Registration laws are common and their range is wide. Cf. Bryant v. Zimmerman, 278 U.S. 63; United States v. Harriss, 347 U.S. 612; United States v. Kahriger, 345 U.S. 22. Many such laws are akin to licensing statutes in that they pertain to the regulation of business activities. But the present ordinance is entirely different. Violation of its provisions is unaccompanied by any activity whatever, mere presence in the city being the test. Moreover, circumstances which might move one to inquire as to the necessity of registration are completely lacking. At most the ordinance is but a law enforcement technique designed for the convenience of law enforcement agencies through which a list of the names and addresses of felons then residing in a given community is compiled. The disclosure is merely a compilation of former convictions already publicly recorded in the jurisdiction where obtained. Nevertheless, this appellant on first becoming aware of her duty to register was given no opportunity to comply with the law and avoid its penalty, even though her default was entirely innocent. She could but suffer the consequences of the ordinance, namely, conviction with the imposition of heavy criminal penalties thereunder. We believe that actual knowledge of the duty to register or proof of the probability of such knowledge and subsequent failure to comply are necessary before a conviction under the ordinance can stand. As Holmes wrote in The Common Law, "A law which punished conduct which would not be blameworthy in the average member of the community would be too severe for that community to bear." Id., at 50. Its severity lies in the absence of an opportunity either to avoid the consequences of the law or to defend any prosecution brought under it. Where a person did not know of the duty to register and where there was no proof of the probability of such knowledge, he may not be convicted consistently with due process. Were it otherwise, the evil would be as great as it is when the law is written in print too fine to read or in a language foreign to the community.

Reversed.

MR. JUSTICE BURTON dissents because he believes that, as applied to this appellant, the ordinance does not violate her constitutional rights.


The present laws of the United States and of the forty-eight States are thick with provisions that command that some things not be done and others be done, although persons convicted under such provisions may have had no awareness of what the law required or that what they did was wrongdoing. The body of decisions sustaining such legislation, including innumerable registration laws, is almost as voluminous as the legislation itself. The matter is summarized in United States v. Balint, 258 U.S. 250, 252: "Many instances of this are to be found in regulatory measures in the exercise of what is called the police power where the emphasis of the statute is evidently upon achievement of some social betterment rather than the punishment of the crimes as in cases of mala in se."

Surely there can hardly be a difference as a matter of fairness, of hardship, or of justice, if one may invoke it, between the case of a person wholly innocent of wrongdoing, in the sense that he was not remotely conscious of violating any law, who is imprisoned for five years for conduct relating to narcotics, and the case of another person who is placed on probation for three years on condition that she pay $250, for failure, as a local resident, convicted under local law of a felony, to register under a law passed as an exercise of the State's "police power." Considerations of hardship often lead courts, naturally enough, to attribute to a statute the requirement of a certain mental element — some consciousness of wrongdoing and knowledge of the law's command — as a matter of statutory construction. Then, too, a cruelly disproportionate relation between what the law requires and the sanction for its disobedience may constitute a violation of the Eighth Amendment as a cruel and unusual punishment, and, in respect to the States, even offend the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

This case does not involve a person who, convicted of a crime in another jurisdiction, must decide whether he has been convicted of a crime that "would have been punishable as a felony" had it been committed in California. Appellant committed forgery in California, and was convicted under California law. Furthermore, she was convicted in Los Angeles itself, and there she resided for over seven years before the arrest leading to the present proceedings.

But what the Court here does is to draw a constitutional line between a State's requirement of doing and not doing. What is this but a return to Year Book distinctions between feasance and nonfeasance — a distinction that may have significance in the evolution of common-law notions of liability, but is inadmissible as a line between constitutionality and unconstitutionality. One can be confident that Mr. Justice Holmes would have been the last to draw such a line. What he wrote about "blameworthiness" is worth quoting in its context:

"It is not intended to deny that criminal liability, as well as civil, is founded on blameworthiness. Such a denial would shock the moral sense of any civilized community; or, to put it another way, a law which punished conduct which would not be blameworthy in the average member of the community would be too severe for that community to bear." (This passage must be read in the setting of the broader discussion of which it is an essential part. Holmes, The Common Law, at 49-50.)

If the generalization that underlies, and alone can justify, this decision were to be given its relevant scope, a whole volume of the United States Reports would be required to document in detail the legislation in this country that would fall or be impaired. I abstain from entering upon a consideration of such legislation, and adjudications upon it, because I feel confident that the present decision will turn out to be an isolated deviation from the strong current of precedents — a derelict on the waters of the law. Accordingly, I content myself with dissenting.


Summaries of

Lambert v. California

U.S.
Dec 16, 1957
355 U.S. 225 (1957)

holding that defendant was entitled to actual notice of registration requirement where failure to register was punishable as a felony

Summary of this case from Nordholm v. Barkell

holding that it was a violation of due process to convict a person for failure to register under a felon registration ordinance where the person did not know of the duty to register and where there was no proof of the probability of such knowledge

Summary of this case from U.S. v. Claudio-Becerra

holding a criminal statute that proscribed the presence of unregistered felons unconstitutional absent notice of a duty to register

Summary of this case from U.S. v. Hernandez-Landaverde

holding a city ordinance invalid as violative of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Summary of this case from Fair v. City of Galveston

holding that defendant could not be convicted of violating felon registration ordinance by virtue of her mere presence in city

Summary of this case from Commonwealth v. Sidy

holding that defendant could not be convicted of violating felon registration ordinance by virtue of her mere presence in city

Summary of this case from Com. v. Cassidy

holding that, a person could not be convicted consistently with due process for failure to register as a felon if the person did not know of the duty to register and there was no proof of the probability of such knowledge

Summary of this case from Graham v. State

holding that it is not consistent with due process to convict a person who failed to timely register as a felon if the person did not know of the duty to register and there was no proof of the probability of such knowledge

Summary of this case from Gillis v. State

holding that it violated due process for a defendant to be convicted under a failure-to-register law when the defendant lacked notice that registration was required

Summary of this case from Clayton v. Commonwealth

holding that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires "actual knowledge of the duty to register or proof of the probability of such knowledge" before an ex-felon can be convicted of failure to register presence in municipality

Summary of this case from State v. Christian

holding that if legislature is criminalizing behavior that would normally "not be blameworthy in the average member of the community," conviction must be preceded by actual knowledge that behavior constitutes offense to satisfy due process

Summary of this case from State v. Velazquez

holding California law requiring convicted felons to register was unconstitutional as applied to the defendant whom did not have notice of the duty to register

Summary of this case from Coronado v. State

holding that a city ordinance requiring registration by convicted persons violated due process where it was applied to such a person who had no actual knowledge of his duty to register and no showing was made of the probability of such knowledge

Summary of this case from Lantz v. State

holding that a person could not be convicted consistently with due process for failure to register as a felon if the person did not know of the duty to register and there was no proof of the probability of such knowledge

Summary of this case from Dailey v. State

finding the defendant's conduct "wholly passive"

Summary of this case from U.S. v. Duran

finding felony registration law permissible law enforcement tool, but individual must have "actual knowledge of the duty to register or proof of the probability of such knowledge and subsequent failure to comply" before a conviction under the law can stand

Summary of this case from Meinders v. Weber

concluding that an ignorance of the law defense is appropriate only when the defendant's conduct is wholly passive

Summary of this case from U.S. v. Monroe

concluding that a California criminal statute requiring persons convicted of a felony to register violated due process where applied to a person with no actual knowledge of his duty to register, and where no showing is made of the probability of such knowledge

Summary of this case from State v. Dammons

reversing conviction for violation of California felony registration law, finding that the law violated the notice requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment when "applied to a person who has no actual knowledge of his duty to register, and where no showing is made of the probability of such knowledge"

Summary of this case from Guerrero v. Blakely

reversing conviction for failing to register as a felon where actual knowledge of duty to register was not shown

Summary of this case from State v. Burbey

striking down as unconstitutional "where a person, wholly passive and unaware of any wrongdoing, is brought to the bar of justice for condemnation in a criminal case"

Summary of this case from U.S. v. Apollo Energies

striking down on Fourteenth Amendment due process grounds a municipal ordinance that criminalized "any convicted person" who remained in Los Angeles for more than five days without registering with the city

Summary of this case from Statler v. State

striking down registration ordinance that did not require proof of mental state of duty-to-register element as due-process violation

Summary of this case from Celis v. State

recognizing that "a cruelly disproportionate relation between what the law requires and the sanction for its disobedience may constitute a violation of the Eighth Amendment" to the United States Constitution

Summary of this case from State v. A.M.

In Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225 (1957), a municipal ordinance made it an offense for any convicted felon to remain in the city of Los Angeles for more than five days without registering with the police.

Summary of this case from Texaco, Inc. v. Short
Case details for

Lambert v. California

Case Details

Full title:LAMBERT v . CALIFORNIA

Court:U.S.

Date published: Dec 16, 1957

Citations

355 U.S. 225 (1957)
78 S. Ct. 240

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