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Harris v. South Carolina

U.S.
Jun 27, 1949
338 U.S. 68 (1949)

Summary

upholding confession given during three-day interview

Summary of this case from State v. Aguirre

Opinion

CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

No. 76.

Argued November 16, 1948. Decided June 27, 1949.

Suspected of murder in South Carolina, petitioner, an illiterate negro, was arrested in Tennessee on Friday and taken to South Carolina on Sunday. The South Carolina sheriff had obtained a warrant for his arrest for theft of a pistol, but it was not read to him nor was he informed of the charge against him. Confined in a small hot room, he was interrogated daily and nightly by relays of police officers until he confessed to the murder on Wednesday night, after the police had threatened to arrest his mother. Meanwhile, he was denied counsel and access to family and friends, was not given a preliminary hearing, and was not informed of his constitutional rights. At his trial in a state court, the confession was admitted in evidence over his objection and he was convicted. Held: The use of a confession obtained in this manner violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the conviction is reversed. Watts v. Indiana, ante, p. 49; Turner v. Pennsylvania, ante, p. 62. Pp. 68-71.

212 S.C. 124, 46 S.E.2d 682, reversed.

The Supreme Court of South Carolina affirmed petitioner's conviction for murder, notwithstanding his claim that his confession was obtained under circumstances rendering its admission in evidence a denial of due process of law. 212 S.C. 124, 46 S.E.2d 682. This Court granted certiorari. 334 U.S. 837. Reversed, p. 71.

Julian B. Salley, Jr. and Leonard A. Williamson argued the cause and filed a brief for petitioner.

B. D. Carter argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief was John M. Daniel, Attorney General of South Carolina.


On Sunday morning, April 28, 1946, Edward L. Bennett and his wife were killed in their store in Aiken County, South Carolina. Bennett's last words were, "A big negro shot me and robbed me." Petitioner, Harris, age twenty-five, a slightly built Negro, was subsequently indicted in the Court of General Sessions for Aiken County and found guilty of the murder of the Bennetts. The jury's verdict required imposition of the death sentence. The Supreme Court of South Carolina denied the claim that a confession introduced at the trial was obtained under circumstances which precluded its admission under the Due Process Clause and sustained the conviction, 212 S.C. 124, 46 S.E.2d 682, by a 3-2 vote, two judges dissenting on the ground that the facts show that the confession "was not freely and voluntarily made." We brought the case here to consider the validity of this claim. 334 U.S. 837.

When the disputed testimony is resolved in favor of the State, the following facts emerge:

The police of Aiken County spent two and a half months in fruitless investigation of the murders. Many suspects had been held for interrogation and then released. Suspicion was finally directed toward petitioner by reports that he possessed a pistol and had left for Nashville, Tennessee, soon after the murders. The Sheriff of Aiken County then obtained a warrant, ostensibly for the purpose of arresting petitioner for the theft of his aunt's pistol but actually to secure his return from Nashville. He was taken into custody there on Friday, July 12, 1946. No warrant was read to him and he was not informed of the charge against him. He was brought back to Aiken County and lodged in its jail on Sunday afternoon at about four o'clock. He first learned that he was suspected of the murder of Bennett on Monday afternoon. He denied the accusation. At that time he was briefly interrogated by the sheriff and the jailer.

On Monday night questioning began in earnest. At least five officers worked in relays, relieving each other from time to time to permit respite from the stifling heat of the cubicle in which the interrogation was conducted. Throughout the evening petitioner denied that he had killed the Bennetts. On Tuesday the questioning continued under the same conditions from 1:30 in the afternoon until past one the following morning with only an hour's interval at 5:30. On Wednesday afternoon the Chief of the State Constabulary, with half a dozen of his men, questioned petitioner for about an hour, and the local authorities carried on the interrogation for three and a half hours longer. At 6:30 that evening the examination resumed. Petitioner continued to deny implication in the killings. The sheriff then threatened to arrest petitioner's mother for handling stolen property. Petitioner replied, "Don't get my mother mixed up in it and I will tell you the truth." Petitioner then stated in substance what appears in the confession introduced at the trial. The session ended at midnight.

Petitioner was not informed of his rights under South Carolina law, such as the right to secure a lawyer, the right to request a preliminary hearing, or the right to remain silent. No preliminary hearing was ever given and his confession does not even contain the usual statement that he was told that what he said might be used against him. During the whole period of interrogation he was denied the benefit of consultation with family and friends and was surrounded by as many as a dozen members of a dominant group in positions of authority. It is relevant to note that Harris was an illiterate.

The trial judge in his charge told the jury that without the confession there was no evidence which would support a conviction and instructed them that they could consider the confession only if they found it to have been "voluntary." Upon appeal, the highest court of the State made a conscientious effort to measure the circumstances under which petitioner's confession was made against the circumstances surrounding confessions which we have held to be the product of undue pressure. It concluded that this confession was not so tainted. We are constrained to disagree. The systematic persistence of interrogation, the length of the periods of questioning, the failure to advise the petitioner of his rights, the absence of friends or disinterested persons, and the character of the defendant constitute a complex of circumstances which invokes the same considerations which compelled our decisions in Watts v. Indiana, ante, p. 49, and Turner v. Pennsylvania, ante, p. 62. The judgment is accordingly

Reversed.

MR. JUSTICE BLACK concurs in the judgment on the authority of Chambers v. Florida, 309 U.S. 227; Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 322 U.S. 143.

On the record before us and in view of the consideration given to the evidence by the state courts and the conclusion reached, THE CHIEF JUSTICE, MR. JUSTICE REED and MR. JUSTICE BURTON believe that the judgment should be affirmed.

[See ante, p. 57, for opinion of MR. JUSTICE JACKSON, concurring in the result in No. 610, Watts v. Indiana, ante, p. 49, and dissenting in this case and in No. 107, Turner v. Pennsylvania, ante, p. 62.]


The undisputed facts concerning the arrest and interrogation of the petitioner are as follows:

A storekeeper and his wife were killed in Aiken, South Carolina. The killing seemed similar to other crimes which had been committed in the community and which constituted a local crime wave. Local feeling was running high and the sheriff's office was anxious to find a solution. Numerous persons were interrogated. Nearly three months later suspicion fell on petitioner, because it became known that he possessed a pistol and had left the community for Nashville, Tennessee, shortly after the murder had occurred. The sheriff secured a warrant of arrest for the petitioner, allegedly for possessing a stolen pistol. The authorities in Nashville were notified that petitioner was wanted, and he was picked up there and placed in custody on a Friday. On the next Sunday he was delivered to the South Carolina officers. He was not read the warrant of arrest, nor was he informed that he was suspected of having committed the murder with which he was later charged and now stands convicted. While handcuffed, he was driven back to Aiken and lodged in the Aiken jail late that afternoon without being brought before a magistrate. That was Sunday. It was not until Monday afternoon that he was informed that he was under suspicion of having committed the murder. He was questioned a short time. He denied his guilt. A more extended questioning was held that night. The next day, Tuesday, the vigor of the questioning was increased. Petitioner was interrogated in the afternoon and again in the evening until around midnight. It was during this session that two incidents occurred. Petitioner had denied his guilt, but finally made a statement implicating another negro, who denied guilt when confronted with the accusation. It was also on Tuesday evening that one of the officers laid a hand on the petitioner. Sharp issue is taken on the nature of this act. Petitioner contends that he was struck with force. The officer testified that he merely placed his hand on petitioner's shoulder with no malice and that he merely stated that he did not believe certain statements that the petitioner had made.

On Wednesday afternoon the questioning was begun again. Petitioner still denied guilt. Wednesday evening he finally broke. The sheriff was alone with petitioner late at night. He threatened to have petitioner's mother arrested for having stolen property. It was then that petitioner offered to make the confession that was eventually used against him. Petitioner made his confession, and he was then removed to the state penitentiary for protection.

These interrogations had been held in a small room eight feet by eleven. Small groups of different officers conducted these interrogations, which went on and on in the heat of the days and nights. But during this time he was denied counsel and access to family and friends.

This is another illustration of the use by the police of the custody of an accused to wring a confession from him. The confession so obtained from literate and illiterate alike should stand condemned. See Haley v. Ohio, 332 U.S. 596.


Summaries of

Harris v. South Carolina

U.S.
Jun 27, 1949
338 U.S. 68 (1949)

upholding confession given during three-day interview

Summary of this case from State v. Aguirre

In Harris v.South Carolina, 338 U.S. 68, 70-71 (1949), an illiterate defendant's confession to murder was deemed involuntary because defendant had been held in jail for several days, during which time he was questioned (on one occasion from one-thirty p.m. until past one a.m.), and during his confinement the defendant was not informed of his rights under South Carolina law (including the right to secure a lawyer, the right to request a preliminary hearing, and the right to remain silent), no preliminary hearing was ever held, and the defendant was denied benefit even of consultation with family and friends.

Summary of this case from United States v. Burns

In Harris v. South Carolina, 338 U.S. 68, 69 S.Ct. 1354, 93 L.Ed. 1815, the defendant was subjected to questioning from Sunday to Wednesday while in jail, and was not permitted access to family or friends during the entire period.

Summary of this case from Williams v. State of South Carolina

detailing the circumstances

Summary of this case from Contreras v. State

In Harris v. State of South Carolina, 338 U.S. 68, 69 S. Ct. 1354, 93 L. Ed. 1815, the period of questioning was two days, and the confession was obtained after the officers had threatened to arrest the suspect's mother on a charge of having stolen property.

Summary of this case from Thompson v. State

In Harris v. State of South Carolina, 338 U.S. 68, use of the confession as evidence against the accused was violative of due process because the confession had been wrung from him through long and exhausting hours of interrogation by panels of five to six police officers, working in relays to allow them respite from the stifling heat of the cubicle in which the questioning was conducted; and the accused, who throughout the inquisition had denied his guilt of the killings charged to him, finally yielded in his worn-down state when the officers cunningly threatened to arrest his mother.

Summary of this case from Commonwealth v. Bryant

In Harris v. South Carolina, 338 U.S. 68, the accused, in the stifling heat of the cubicle in which the interrogation was conducted, was questioned mornings, afternoon and evenings for several days, on one occasion from 1.30 in the afternoon until past 1 o'clock the following morning with only an hour's interval at 5.

Summary of this case from Commonwealth v. Johnson

In Harris v. South Carolina, 93 L.Ed. 1440 (1949), there were three days of vigorous interrogation by relays of officers in stifling heat, while in Turner v. Pennsylvania, 93 L.Ed. 1443 (1949), the defendant was held incommunicado for four days with long periods of constant interrogation.

Summary of this case from State v. Pierce

In Harris v. State of South Carolina, 338 U.S. 68, 69 S.Ct. 1354, the defendant, an illiterate negro, was held for over five days, without access to friends or family and without advice as to his rights, was threatened with the arrest of his mother and was questioned intermittently for three successive days, once for twelve continuous hours and without arraignment. It was held the confession thus obtained was inadmissible as violating due process.

Summary of this case from The People v. Varela

In Harris, a suspect was subjected to relay questioning by five officers in a hot cubicle with very few breaks over a period of three days.

Summary of this case from People v. Davis
Case details for

Harris v. South Carolina

Case Details

Full title:HARRIS v . SOUTH CAROLINA

Court:U.S.

Date published: Jun 27, 1949

Citations

338 U.S. 68 (1949)
69 S. Ct. 1354

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