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Dugan v. Ohio

U.S.
May 14, 1928
277 U.S. 61 (1928)

Summary

holding that a mayor whose salary derived from a general fund to which criminal fines accumulated was not interested in the fund

Summary of this case from Brucker v. City of Doraville

Opinion

ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF OHIO.

No. 766.

Argued April 10, 1928. Decided May 14, 1928.

Petitioner was convicted and fined by the mayor of a city for a violation of the Ohio liquor law committed within the city limits. The legislative powers of the city were exercised by a commission of five, of whom the mayor was one, and its executive powers by the commission and a manager, who was the active executive. The functions of the mayor, as such, were judicial only; his sole compensation was a salary fixed by the vote of the other commissioners, and payable out of a general fund to which the fines accumulated in his court under all laws contributed, the salary being the same whether the trials before him resulted in convictions or acquittals. Held, that the mayor's relations to the fund and to the financial policy of the city were too remote to warrant a presumption of bias toward conviction in prosecutions before him as judge; and that objection to the conviction in this case as wanting in due process of law must be overruled. Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510, distinguished. P. 63. 117 Ohio St. 503, affirmed.

ERROR to a judgment of the Supreme Court of Ohio, sustaining petitioner's conviction by a mayor's court for an offense against the Ohio liquor law.

Mr. F.L. Johnson, with whom Mr. Robert F. Cogswell was on the brief, for plaintiff in error.

Mr. J.A. Finney, with whom Mr. Herman E. Werner was on the brief, for defendant in error.


M.J. Dugan was convicted before the Mayor's Court of the city of Xenia, Greene County, Ohio, for the unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor under Section 6212-15 of the General Code of Ohio. The conviction was sustained by the Common Pleas Court of Greene County, Ohio, by the Court of Appeals of the same county, and by the Supreme Court of the State. The defendant has duly raised the question of the constitutional impartiality of the mayor to try the case. This is the only issue for our consideration. The objection is based on the ground that for the mayor to act in this case was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution, in that the mayor occupied in the city government two practically and seriously inconsistent positions, one partisan and the other judicial; that as such mayor he had power under the law to convict persons without a jury of the offense of the possession of intoxicating liquor and punish them by substantial fines, half of which were paid into the city treasury, and as a member of the city commission he had a right to vote on the appropriation and the spending of city funds; and further that while he received only a fixed salary and did not receive any fees, yet all the fees taxed and collected under his convictions were paid into the city treasury and were contributions to a general fund out of which his salary as mayor was payable.

The defendant, in February, 1924, pleaded guilty and was fined $400 for possessing intoxicating liquor, and thereafter was convicted and fined $1,000 for a subsequent similar offense. This is a review of the second conviction.

The city of Xenia is a charter city, and has a commission form of government, with five commissioners. The charter provides that a member of the city commission shall also be mayor. The mayor has no executive, and exercises only judicial, functions. The commission exercises all the legislative power of the city, and together with the manager exercises all its executive powers. The manager is the active executive. The mayor's salary is fixed by the votes of the members of the commission other than the mayor, he having no vote therein. He receives no fees. The offense charged here was committed within the corporate limits of the city of Xenia. Xenia is the capital of Greene County, having, according to the census of 1920, a population of 9,110. Greene County is a rural county with no larger city than Xenia.

Was the mayor disqualified as judge by the Fourteenth Amendment as interpreted and applied in Tumey v. The State of Ohio, 273 U.S. 510? We think not. The Tumey case does not apply to this. Tumey was arrested and charged with unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor at White Oak, a village in Hamilton County, Ohio, on a warrant issued by the mayor of North College Hill. The latter was a village of 1,100 in the county which included the city of Cincinnati with half a million population. The counsel for the State asserted in that case that the purpose of the law in its application to the mayor of a village in large counties was to extend jurisdiction to break up places of outlawry that were located on the municipal boundary just outside of large cities; that in some of the cities the normal enforcement agencies under the law did not perform their duty, and the jurisdiction of mayors of village courts over the whole county was conferred so that there might be some courts through which effective prosecutions for city offenders could be had; and that the system by which the fines to be collected were divided equally between the State and the village was for the proper purpose of stimulating the activities of the village officers and agents to due enforcement over the county. The council of any village might by ordinance authorize the use of half of the fines collected for the violation of the prohibition law so that by contingent commissions to attorneys, detectives, or secret service officers they could secure the enforcement of the law and very much increase the revenue of the village.

The duties of the mayor of a village in Ohio like that of North College Hall were primarily executive. He was the chief conservator of the peace and directed to see that all ordinances were faithfully obeyed and enforced. He communicated to council from time to time a statement of the finances of the municipality. He supervised the conduct of all the officers of the corporation, including those engaged in prosecuting the liquor law violators.

This Court in the Tumey case held that it was a violation of due process of law to make the compensation of the mayor dependent upon his conviction of defendants in this especially organized "liquor" court, from which the mayor received, in addition to his salary, about $100 a month from convictions. The direct dependence of the mayor upon convictions for compensation for his services as a judge was found to be inconsistent with due process of law.

As the plaintiff in error contends, however, the mayor's individual pecuniary interest in his conviction of defendants was not the only reason in the Tumey case for holding the Fourteenth Amendment to be violated. Another was that a defendant brought into court might with reason complain that he was not likely to get a fair trial or a fair sentence from a judge who as chief executive was responsible for the financial condition of the village, who could and did largely control the policy of setting up a liquor court in the village with attorneys, marshals and detectives under his supervision, and who by his interest as mayor might be tempted to accumulate from heavy fines a large fund by which the running expenses of a small village could be paid, improvements might be made and taxes reduced. This was thought not to be giving the defendant the benefit of due process of law.

No such case is presented at the bar. The mayor of Xenia receives a salary which is not dependent on whether he convicts in any case or not. While it is true that his salary is paid out of a fund to which fines accumulated from his court under all laws contribute, it is a general fund, and he receives a salary in any event, whether he convicts or acquits. There is no reason to infer on any showing that failure to convict in any case or cases would deprive him of or affect his fixed compensation. The mayor has himself as such no executive but only judicial duties. His relation under the Xenia charter, as one of five members of the city commission, to the fund contributed to by his fines as judge, or to the executive or financial policy of the city, is remote. We agree with the Supreme Court of Ohio in its view that the principles announced in the Tumey case do not cover this.

Judgment affirmed.


Summaries of

Dugan v. Ohio

U.S.
May 14, 1928
277 U.S. 61 (1928)

holding that a mayor whose salary derived from a general fund to which criminal fines accumulated was not interested in the fund

Summary of this case from Brucker v. City of Doraville

holding that it was constitutionally permissible for a mayor to serve as the municipal-court judge when he exercised no executive functions and received a fixed salary

Summary of this case from Brucker v. City of Doraville

holding where mayor had only limited functions, the mayor's relationship to the finances and financial policy of the city was too remote to give rise to due process concerns when the mayor acted as a judge and imposed fines on offenders

Summary of this case from State v. Fremont

holding that where the mayor's salary was fixed and he had a remote executive relation as one of five city commissioners to the fund to which fines in his court contributed, his pecuniary interest in the outcome of cases before his court was too minute to cause an appearance of bias

Summary of this case from Gilman v. State Bd. of Vet. Med. Exam'rs

finding insufficient likelihood of bias, and no due process violation, in the operation of a mayor's court in which the mayor-judge was not compensated from the fines imposed and had no executive responsibility for assuring the village had sufficient finances

Summary of this case from Railey v. Webb

finding no due process violation where defendant was convicted in mayor's court and portions of the fines assessed went into general fund out of which mayor's fixed salary was paid

Summary of this case from Del. Riverkeeper Network v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm'n

ruling that mayor serving as judge had relationship too remote with city finances to warrant presumption of bias in prohibition law cases over which he presided and imposed fines where mayor received fixed salary, did not receive additional compensation from fines he imposed as judge, and was not solely responsible for expenditure of town's revenue

Summary of this case from In re Tax Assessment of Woodlands

determining no due process violation where the mayor received a salary and the mayor's salary was not dependent on whether he convicted a defendant appearing before him, and where his relation to the fund in which the fines were deposited or financial policy of the city was too remote

Summary of this case from Onyeagolu v. Second Judicial Dist. Court of Nev.

rejecting similar due process challenge to conviction obtained in mayor's court because mayor had very limited executive authority

Summary of this case from Doolin Sec. Sav. Bank, F.S.B. v. F.D.I.C

In Dugan, the Supreme Court held that the mayor was sufficiently unbiased to adjudicate fines and fees because his functions were exclusively judicial, and he did not exercise the city's executive power.

Summary of this case from Brucker v. City of Doraville

explaining that the mayor "receive[d] a salary which [wa]s not dependent on whether he convict[ed] in any case or not"

Summary of this case from Mobility Workx, LLC v. United States, LLC

In Dugan v. Ohio, 277 U.S. 61, 48 S.Ct. 439, 72 L.Ed. 784 (1928), for example, a mayor with judicial functions also served as one of five commissioners.

Summary of this case from Cain v. City of New Orleans

In Dugan, by contrast, there was no due process violation where the mayor who presided over contested cases was not the chief executive and had no pecuniary interest in cases tried in mayor's court.

Summary of this case from Bailey v. City of Broadview Heights, Ohio

In Dugan, a mayor played a role as one of five members of a city commission which voted on appropriations, including the mayor's salary.

Summary of this case from Rudolph v. Cuomo

In Dugan the mayor/judge had only very limited executive control over the funds raised by fines and fees, and the little control he did exercise was diffused by the fact that he was only one member on the five-member commission which actually controlled the city's finances.

Summary of this case from Augustus v. Roemer

In Dugan, the mayor was a salaried official who did not receive any portion of the fines levied as costs for hearing the prohibition cases.

Summary of this case from Blackwelder v. Safnauer

In Dugan, the mayor did not have a personal interest in the cases he was trying, nor did his office oversee units of government funded by convictions.

Summary of this case from People v. Johnson

In Dugan, the mayor did not have a personal interest in the cases he was trying, nor did his office oversee units of government funded by convictions.

Summary of this case from People v. Edwards

In Dugan v. Ohio, 277 U.S. 61, 63-65, 48 S.Ct. 439, 439-40, 72 L.Ed. 784 (1928), the mayor was only one member of a commission that exercised legislative power and did not participate when the commission exercised executive power.

Summary of this case from V-1 Oil Co. v. Dept. of Environ. Quality

In Dugan v. Ohio, 277 U.S. 61, 48 S.Ct. 439, 72 L.Ed. 784 (1928), the United States Supreme Court held that where the mayor's salary was set by an ordinance, the fact that the fines he ordered assessed in Mayor's Court went into the town's general treasury did not give rise to an impermissible pecuniary interest which would trigger a due process violation.

Summary of this case from In re Tax Assess. Against Pocahontas Land Co.

In Dugan, the Court upheld a mayor's court ruling in a criminal case where the mayor had very little executive authority.

Summary of this case from VALI CONVALESCENT CARE INST. v. IND. COM'N

In Dugan, the charter city of Xenia had a commission form of government and the mayor was a member of the commission of five.

Summary of this case from Monroeville v. Ward

In Dugan, much like the challenge presented in Tumey, the defendant raised a Fourteenth Amendment challenge to impartiality of a mayor to preside as judge over trials for illegally possessing intoxicating liquor.

Summary of this case from People v. Alexander

In Dugan, the court refused to apply Tumey and upheld the impartiality of a mayor-judge adjudicating cases in a "liquor court" where the mayor-judge's salary was fixed, he had limited executive functions and he received no fees for hearing cases.

Summary of this case from State v. Conlin
Case details for

Dugan v. Ohio

Case Details

Full title:DUGAN v . OHIO

Court:U.S.

Date published: May 14, 1928

Citations

277 U.S. 61 (1928)
48 S. Ct. 439

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