Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding that a claim is plausible where a plaintiff's allegations enable the court to draw a "reasonable inference" the defendant is liable

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that a complaint's allegations should "contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face' "

Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor

Holding that courts are "bound to enforce" Rule 23's certification requirements, even where it means decertifying a class after they had reached a settlement agreement and submitted it to the court for approval

Conley v. Gibson

Holding that "a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief"

Phillips v. County of Allegheny

Holding that a district court need not permit a curative amendment if such amendment would be futile

Shady Grove Orthopedic v. Allstate Ins. Co.

Holding that rules of civil procedure allowing multiple claims to be litigated together "neither change plaintiffs' separate entitlements to relief nor abridge defendants' rights; they alter only how the claims are processed"

Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois

Holding that indirect purchasers cannot recover damages under federal antitrust law

California v. Arc America Corp.

Holding that the Sherman Act, which does not allow indirect purchaser actions, does not preempt state laws that allow indirect purchasers to obtain relief

Hanover Shoe v. United Shoe Machinery Corp.

Holding that an antitrust defendant could not argue that a plaintiff who had purchased a product directly from the defendant was not injured because it had passed on the illegal overcharge to its own customers, thus creating a regime under which plaintiffs can arguably recover more than "threefold the damages by him sustained"

Georgine v. Amchem Prods., Inc.

Holding that " considered as a litigation class," the class cannot meet Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23's requirements

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Rule 23 - Class Actions

Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"

Section 17200 - Unfair competition defined

Prohibiting unlawful business practices

Section 75-1.1 - Methods of competition, acts and practices regulated; legislative policy

Declaring unlawful "unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce"

Section 501.201 - Short title

Section 901 - Prerequisites to a class action

Providing that "an action to recover a penalty, or minimum measure of recovery created or imposed by statute may not be maintained as a class action" unless the "statute creating or imposing penalty, or minimum measure of recovery specifically authorizes the recovery thereof in a class action"

Section 340 - Contracts or agreements for monopoly or in restraint of trade illegal and void

Declaring as illegal and void contracts, agreements, arrangements, or combinations for monopoly or in restraint of trade

Section 16720 - Trust

Prohibiting any combination to prevent competition in the "sale or purchase of any commodity"

Section 16700 - Cumulative provisions

Banning agreements to restrain trade