Holding evidence of bad faith or gross negligence that satisfies the culpable-state-of-mind requirement is also usually sufficient to satisfy the relevance requirement
Holding that destruction of evidence was "grossly negligent, if not reckless" where the defendant "failed to include [evidence from a key employee] in its preservation directive"
In Andon, the defendant's expert failed to identify or attach the scientific studies he relied upon to support his opinions on the significance of maternal IQ in evaluating lead paint injury causation (Andon, 94 NY2d at 746).
Holding the District Court erred in finding the plaintiff was entitled only to a “weak adverse inference” of spoliation in light of the defendant's negligent destruction of evidence relevant to the issue of pretext
Fed. R. Civ. P. 15 Cited 67,618 times 84 Legal Analyses
Finding that, per N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 1024, New York law provides a more forgiving principle for relation back in the context of naming John Doe defendants described with particularity in the complaint
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 Cited 27,040 times 1017 Legal Analyses
Holding that, to certify a class, the court must find that "questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members"
Fed. R. Civ. P. 45 Cited 11,516 times 62 Legal Analyses
Holding that a subpoena may command a person to attend a trial, hearing, or deposition "within 100 miles of where the person resides, is employed, or regularly transacts business in person"