Ashcroft v. Iqbal

Holding court need not credit "mere conclusory statements" in complaint

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly

Holding that allegations of conduct that are merely consistent with wrongdoing do not state a claim unless "placed in a context that raises a suggestion of" such wrongdoing

Lewis v. Casey

Holding that a prisoner must show an actual injury to state a claim for denial of access to courts

Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc.

Holding that plaintiffs who curtailed their recreational activities on a river due to reasonable concerns about the effect of pollutant discharges into that river had standing

Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon

Holding that named plaintiff must prove “much more than the validity of his own claim”; the individual plaintiff must show that “the individual's claim and the class claims will share common questions of law or fact and that the individual's claim will be typical of the class claims,” explicitly referencing the “commonality” and “typicality” requirements of Rule 23

Associated General Contractors v. Carpenters

Holding that a union lacked standing to sue for injuries passed on to it by intermediaries

Lacey v. Maricopa Cnty.

Holding that "claims [that are] voluntarily dismissed" are "waived if not repled" in an amended complaint"

Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc.

Holding that "it is clearly reasonable to infer that [the defendant] has market power to raise prices and drive out competition in the aftermarkets" for service and parts despite an undisputed lack of market power in the initial product

Raines v. Byrd

Holding specifically and only that "individual members of Congress [lack] Article III standing"

United States v. Grinnell Corp.

Holding a series of three acquisitions "eliminated any possibility of an outbreak of competition" and thereby "perfected the monopoly power to exclude competitors and fix prices."

Rule 12 - Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing

Granting the court discretion to exclude matters outside the pleadings presented to the court in defense of a motion to dismiss

Rule 8 - General Rules of Pleading

Holding that "[e]very defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading. . . ."

Section 17200 - Unfair competition defined

Prohibiting unlawful business practices

Section 15 - Suits by persons injured

Granting private right of action to anyone who has been injured "by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws ..."

Section 17043 - Unlawful sale or gift for purpose of destroying competition

In section 17043, in contrast, the very gravamen of the offense is the purpose underlying the anticompetitive act, rather than the actual or threatened harm to competition.

Section 17044 - Unlawful sale or use of "loss leader"

Section 17082 - Actual damages; treble damages; attorney's fees

Providing for treble damages "[i]n any action under this chapter," which does not include § 17200