Holding class representatives had standing to challenge common marketing of cigarettes despite differences in the advertisements or statements on which class members relied
Holding that false advertising "class must be defined in such a way as to include only members who were exposed to advertising that is alleged to be materially misleading"
Holding that homeowners in a housing development had suffered an injury-in-fact from homebuilders’ alleged failure to disclose that they were advertising to unqualified buyers because "plaintiffs spent money that, absent defendants’ actions, they would not have spent"
Holding that on a motion to dismiss, a court may consider documents outside the complaint when the contents of the document are alleged in the complaint, the document's authenticity is not in question, and there are no disputed issues as to the document's relevance
Holding that a party's "course of delay" in performing the terms of the contract, when "unreasonable or undertaken in bad faith, may provide sufficient grounds" for a finding of waiver
Fed. R. Evid. 201 Cited 28,143 times 26 Legal Analyses
Holding "[n]ormally, in deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, courts must limit their inquiry to the facts stated in the complaint and the documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint. However, courts may also consider matters of which they may take judicial notice."
Fed. R. Evid. 401 Cited 13,338 times 34 Legal Analyses
Providing that evidence is relevant if " it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action"
Fed. R. Evid. 402 Cited 6,622 times 10 Legal Analyses
Providing relevant evidence is admissible unless prohibited by the United States Constitution, a federal statute, the Federal Rules of Evidence, or other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court
Fed. R. Evid. 602 Cited 3,491 times 13 Legal Analyses
Stating that " witness may testify only if evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter"