Labor Ready

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Sep 27, 2000

332 N.L.R.B. 375 (N.L.R.B. 2000)

LABOR READY, INC 375
Labor Ready, Inc. and Tri-State Building and Con-
struction Trades Council, National Building and
Construction Trades Department, AFL–CIO.
Cases 9–CA–36223 and 9–CA–36395
September 27, 2000
DECISION AND ORDER
BY CHAIRMAN TRUESDALE AND MEMBERS FOX
AND HURTGEN
On July 12, 1999, Administrative Law Judge George
Aleman issued the attached decision. The Respondent
filed exceptions and a supporting brief.1 The General
Counsel filed an answering brief.
The National Labor Relations Board has delegated its
authority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the decision and the record
in light of the exceptions and briefs and has decided to
affirm the judge’s rulings, findings,2 and conclusions and
to adopt the recommended Order.
In affirming the judge’s findings that Donald Huff,
Thomas Williams, Steve Montoney, and James Blevins
were bona fide job applicants, we note that the Respon-
dent, in disputing these findings, relies in part on certain
union logs maintained by Williams. The judge sets forth
various passages from the logs in question, among them
Williams’ observation that the organizing campaign was
unlikely to succeed but might have the effect of persuad-
ing Respondent that it was not worth the effort to con-
tinue performing construction work in that geographic
area. Like the judge, we find the isolated passages cited
by the Respondent reflect nothing more than Williams’
opinion concerning how the Respondent might react to a
vigorous organizing campaign. When considered in con-
text, these passages do not justify the Respondent’s ar-
gument that the four applicants were not interested in
performing the work they applied for or were applying
with an intent to engage in unlawful or unprotected ac-
tivities calculated to injure the Respondent’s business.3

1 The Respondent has requested oral argument. The request is de-
nied as the record, exceptions, and briefs adequately presented the
issues and the positions of the parties.
2 The Respondent has excepted to some of the judge’s credibility
findings. The Board’s established policy is not to overrule an adminis-
trative law judge’s credibility resolutions unless the clear preponder-
ance of all the relevant evidence convinces us that they are incorrect.
Standard Dry Wall Products, 91 NLRB 544 (1950), enfd. 188 F.2d 362
(3d Cir. 1951 ). We have carefully examined the record and find no
basis for reversing the findings.
In addition, some of the Respondent’s exceptions imply that the
judge’s rulings, findings, and conclusions demonstrate bias and preju-
dice. On careful examination of the judge’s decision and the entire
record, we are satisfied that the Respondent’s contentions are without
merit.
In agreeing with the judge’s conclusion that the four
men were not subject to that portion of the Respondent’s
no-solicitation policy applicable to nonemployees, we
emphasize our agreement with his finding that the four
are statutory employees and that they were rightfully on
the Respondent’s premises pursuant to Respondent’s
own policy that persons who had submitted applications,
passed the safety test, and signed the referral list must be
physically present in the referral office in order to be
eligible for referrals. We further emphasize the judge’s
finding that the area in which the four were soliciting is
not a working area for the employee applicants but
serves primarily as a waiting room and gathering place
for them as they wait for referrals to the various jobsites
where their actual work is to be performed. Finally, we
note that here, as in a prior case against the Respondent,
Labor Ready, Inc., 327 NLRB 1055 (1999), there is no
evidence that the solicitation activity in what was a non-
work area for the employee applicants created a distur-
bance or otherwise interfered with the work going in the
areas adjacent to the waiting area. On these particular
facts, we agree that the Respondent’s enforcement of its
no-solicitation rules against the four employee applicants
violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.4
ORDER
The National Labor Relations Board adopts the rec-
ommended Order of the administrative law judge and
orders that the Respondent, Labor Ready, Inc., Hunting-
ton and South Charleston, West Virginia, its officers,
agents, successors, and assigns, shall take the action set
forth in the Order.

Eric Gill, Esq., for the General Counsel.
Kevin L. Carr and Charles L. Woody, Esq. (Spilman, Thomas &
Battle), for the Respondent.
Lafe C. Chafin, Esq., for the Charging Party.
DECISION
GEORGE ALEMÁN, Administrative Law Judge. This case
was heard on January 14 and 15, 1999, in Huntington, West
Virginia, following charges filed by Tri-State Building and
Construction Trades Council, National Building and Construc-
tion Trades Department, AFL–CIO (the Union) on August 31
3 Member Hurtgen notes that, in his view, although there is some
material in the logs that might tend to support the Respondent’s posi-
tion, the logs taken as a whole do not.
4 Member Hurtgen emphasizes his agreement with the judge’s find-
ing that, having completed the process mandated by the Respondent,
including filling out required forms and placing their names on the
Respondent’s referral list, the four men ceased being mere applicants
and became employees with an expectation of receiving a work as-
signment as soon as their names were reached on the list.
332 NLRB No. 33
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 376
and November 16, 1998,1 and the issuance, pursuant to those
charges, of a complaint on December 24, by the Regional Di-
rector for Region 9 of the National Labor Relations Board (the
Board). The complaint alleges that Labor Ready, Inc. (the Re-
spondent) has, in various manner, violated Section 8(a)(1) and
(3) of the National Labor Relations Act (the Act). On January
5, 1999, the Respondent filed an answer to the complaint deny-
ing said allegations.
All parties to this proceeding were afforded full opportunity
to appear at the hearing and to present oral as well as written
evidence. On the basis of the entire record before me and my
observation of the demeanor of the witnesses, and after consid-
ering the briefs filed by the General Counsel and the Respon-
dent, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. JURISDICTION
The Respondent, a corporate entity, is in the business of sup-
plying temporary workers nationwide to companies engaged in
the construction, landscaping, warehousing, and light industrial
markets from various facilities located throughout the United
States, including the two facilities at issue here located in South
Charleston and Huntington, West Virginia. It further performs
non-construction related services. During the 12-month period
preceding issuance of the complaint, the Respondent derived
gross revenues in excess of $50,000 for services performed
outside the State of West Virginia. The complaint alleges, the
Respondent admits, and I find, that it is an employer engaged in
commerce within the meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of
the Act, and that the Union is a labor organization within the
meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
II. ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
A. The Allegations
The complaint alleges that on various occasions the Respon-
dent violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by prohibiting alleged
discriminatees Donnie Huff, Thomas Williams, and Steve Mon-
toney from soliciting union authorization cards from employees
and job applicants awaiting job referrals at its South Charleston
and Huntington facilities, and by summoning the police when
they refused to do so. It further alleges that the Respondent
violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) by refusing to refer Huff, Wil-
liams, and Montoney for employment because of their Union or
other protected concerted activity.
B. Related Prior Proceeding
The facts in this case are related to and arise out of events
involving prior solicitation activity by Huff at Respondent’s
West Virginia offices which led to the filing of a charge (Case
9–CA–34950) and the issuance of a complaint against Respon-
dent for refusing to allow Huff to engage in such conduct and
for barring him from employment with Labor Ready. A hear-
ing on those allegations, and on the question of whether a no-
solicitation policy maintained and enforced by Respondent
against Huff was valid and enforceable, was held on January

1 All dates are in 1998, unless otherwise indicated.
14, before Judge Schlesinger.2 On May 14, Judge Schlesinger
issued his decision finding that the Respondent’s no-solicitation
policy was unlawful and unenforceable, and that the Respon-
dent had violated Section 8(a)(1) by refusing to allow Huff to
solicit signatures on a petition from employees and applicants
who were in its office waiting for job referrals, and Section
8(a)(3) and (1) by permanently barring him from employment.
In so finding, Judge Schlesinger rejected arguments raised
therein by the Respondent that Huff was not an employee but
rather only a job applicant or “nonemployee” who, under its no-
solicitation policy and pursuant to the Supreme Court’s hold-
ings in NLRB v. Babcock & Wilcox, 351 U.S. 105 (1956); and
Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB, 502 U.S. 527 (1992), was lawfully
prohibited from soliciting on its premises.3 Judge Schlesinger
found instead that as an applicant for employment, Huff was a
statutory employee under Phelps Dodge Corp. v. NLRB, 313
U.S. 177 (1941), entitled to the Act’s full protections, and that
his right to solicit other employees on Respondent’s property
was not governed by the standard applicable to nonemployees
set forth in Babcock & Wilcox and Lechmere, but rather by that
2 The no-solicitation policy in Case 9–CA–34950 is the same one
used by the Respondent in the instant case to prohibit Huff, Williams,
and Montoney from soliciting authorization cards from other employee
applicants. It consists of two parts, one applicable to “nonemployees,”
the other to employees. The policy reads as follows:
Nonemployees (including job applicants) are not allowed at
any time to come upon Company premises for the purpose of any
form of solicitation or literature distribution. This policy prohib-
its third parties or strangers from soliciting or handing out materi-
als for any reason, including but not limited to, political, union,
charitable, or similar activities. For the purposes of this policy,
applicants for employment, including but not limited to those
waiting for a job assignment or referral, are considered nonem-
ployees, strangers, or third parties.
Employees are prohibited from distributing any form of lit-
erature or other materials in work areas. Employees are also pro-
hibited from soliciting or distributing literature of any kind or for
any cause during their assigned working time or soliciting any
employee during that employee’s working time at our site or a
customer’s site.
It is unclear from the decision in Labor Ready, Inc. (Labor Ready I),
327 NLRB 1055 (1999), if the Board found the entire no-solicitation
policy, including the above provision pertaining just to employees,
unlawful, or whether its finding that the policy was unlawful was lim-
ited to the “nonemployee” provision. Thus, Judge Schlesinger’s rea-
soning, adopted by the Board without comment, that the policy was
“invalid on its face” because it equated job applicants with “nonem-
ployees,” suggests that the Board’s finding regarding the invalidity of
Respondent’s no-solicitation policy pertained to the “nonemployee”
provision only.
3 Under Babcock & Wilcox and Lechmere, an employer may deny
nonemployee organizers who seek to solicit or distribute literature to its
employees access to its property if other reasonable alternative means
exist for communicating with employees. However, employees already
lawfully on an employer’s property are free to engage in such conduct
in the nonworking areas of the employer’s property during nonworking
time unless the employer can justify a rule prohibiting such conduct as
necessary to maintain discipline and production. Republic Aviation
Corp. v. NLRB, 324 U.S. 793 (1945); Our Way, Inc., 268 NLRB 394
(1983); see also Southern Services v. NLRB, 954 F.2d 700, 702 (11th
Cir. 1992), Gayfers Department Store, 324 NLRB 1246, 1249 (1997).
LABOR READY, INC. 377
set forth in Republic Aviation, supra. He further found, on the
basis of the Board’s decision in Town & Country Electric, 309
NLRB 1250 (1992), enf. denied 34 F.3d 625 (8th Cir. 1994),
revd. 516 U.S. 625 (1995), that Huff’s status as union organizer
did not serve to deprive him of his employee status, as also
argued by the Respondent. On March 26, 1999, after the close
of the hearing in the matter currently before me, the Board
issued a decision adopting Judge Schlesinger’s finding. (Labor
Ready I) supra.4 With this background in mind, I turn next to a
discussion of the facts in this instant proceeding and the issues
before me.
C. Factual Background
1. The work signup and referral procedures
The Respondent, as noted, supplies temporary workers to
employers in various industries. Individuals seeking work with
Labor Ready at either its Huntington or South Charleston of-
fices are required to fill out a job application, take a safety test
and, if successful, is permitted to place his or her name on a
registry or job referral list.5 Once placed on the referral list,
employee applicants generally wait around in the forward sec-
tion of the office until a job order is received. However, the
Respondent requires that an employee applicant must be physi-
cally present in the office in order to receive a job assignment.6

4 As noted, Judge Schlesinger’s decision issued before the hearing in
this case began. At the start of the hearing, the Respondent objected to
the General Counsel’s request that I take judicial notice of that deci-
sion. While as a public document Judge Schlesinger’s decision could
properly be noticed, the parties nevertheless were advised that his find-
ings therein would not be controlling here as his recommended decision
did not constitute a final determination by the Board, and that my deci-
sion would instead be based on the particular facts of this case (Tr. 10).
The Board’s subsequent adoption of Judge Schlesinger’s recommended
decision in Labor Ready I, however, is another matter, for its decision,
which, as noted, issued after the hearing in this matter closed, is indeed
final and binding on me.
5 Both the Huntington and South Charleston offices are configured
in essentially the same manner. Thus, both are rectangular in shape and
contain a counter which effectively separates the room into two distinct
sections. One side of the counter contains the work area for Respon-
dent’s customer service representatives (CSR) whose duties include
handing out and receiving job applications from applicants, administer-
ing the safety tests, answering questions from applicants, receiving
phone calls from customers seeking employees, making job assign-
ments to employee applicants, distributing equipment, as well as other
administrative duties. All office equipment used by the CSR’s and the
office managers, such as phones, computers, and printers to perform
their work is situated here (Tr. 159). The other side of the counter
contains tables and chairs and is where applicants fill out their applica-
tions and other necessary paperwork, take the safety test, and generally
wait around until given a job assignment. The job referral list which
applicants sign after successfully completing their application and
passing the safety test is kept on the counter and is under the CSR’s
control.
6 Thus, when filling out the application, employee applicants ac-
knowledge their obligation to be present to receive a referral through
the following language found in the application: “I know that I am
required to report my availability . . . in the manner indicated by the
dispatcher at least one hour before the scheduled start time. . . .” The
above language suggests that applicants are made aware of their obliga-
tion to be physically present by the dispatcher. CSR Susan (Gregg)
Generally, on receipt of a work order from a client employer, a
CSR takes the information and assigns the work to the em-
ployee applicant whose name next appears on the referral list
by issuing him a computerized ticket which he hands to the
client employer on arriving, and returns to Respondent’s office
at the end of the day presumably containing the information
needed, e.g., hours worked, which enables the applicant to get
paid.
2. The August 25, incident at the Huntington office
The record reflects that around 7 a.m. on August 25, Huff,
accompanied by Williams, a union business agent, went to
Respondent’s Huntington office to apply for work.7 Once
there, Huff asked Taylor if he would have to fill out a new ap-
plication or simply update his W-4 tax form. According to
Huff, Huntington facility manager, Greg Thomas, was also in
the office at the time, and that after speaking with Thomas,
Taylor returned and told him he would only have to complete a
new W-4 form.8 After completing the W-4, Huff signed the job
referral list, writing his name right below Williams’ name.
While Thomas denied being present in the office that morning,
Huff’s testimony that he was told by Taylor that he would not
have to fill out a new job application was confirmed by Wil-
liams (Tr. 94) and not contested by Taylor. Accordingly, I
credit Huff’s testimony that he was not required to fill out a
new job application and that he simply filled out a new W-4
and then placed his name on the referral list.

Taylor, an employer witness whose duties included dispatching em-
ployee applicants to the various job sites, testified in this regard that
employee applicants “know” they have to be there “one hour or so”
before they can be dispatched, suggesting through her testimony that
she informs applicants of this policy. Although the Respondent denies
that Taylor is a 2(11) supervisor, it admits that she was at all relevant
times herein its agent within the meaning of Sec. 2(13) of the Act. The
facts in the case support a finding of her agency status.
7 Huff was then employed by Affiliated Construction Trades Foun-
dation (ACT) as a fair contracting representative. ACT does not appear
to be a labor organization. Rather, according to Huff, ACT is a fact-
gathering organization which assists in organizing campaigns, monitors
prevailing wage projects, and insures that contractors are in compliance
with State and Federal regulations. Huff had previously filled out a job
application on February 11, 1997 (Tr. 17).
8 Thomas testified that he was not in the office at all that morning,
but was there at some point later in the day. He claims that he arrived
at the office that afternoon and observed Huff and Williams standing
outside the office and that he engaged them in some small talk, e.g., the
weather. Huff and Williams both contradict Thomas’ claim in this
regard, testifying that Thomas was indeed in the office that morning
when they showed up (Tr. 21, 97). Huff, in fact, testified that it was
Thomas who told Taylor about Huff not needing to fill out a new appli-
cation. Taylor was never asked to confirm or deny if Thomas was the
one she spoke to about Huff’s application, or whether Thomas was in
the office in the first place. Thomas was not a very convincing witness,
and I simply do not believe his denial about being in the office on the
morning of August 25, particularly in light of Taylor’s failure to cor-
roborate him on this point, and because of the mutually corroborative
claim by Huff and Williams that they saw Thomas in the office that
morning. Accordingly, I credit Huff and find that Thomas indeed was
the one who told Taylor that he, Huff, was not required to complete a
new job application.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 378
After signing the referral list, Huff and Williams sat at a ta-
ble where other applicants were waiting to be sent out on jobs
and began discussing the Union with them and distributing
union authorization cards. Huff and Williams both testified
that soon thereafter, Taylor approached them and asked them to
stop their solicitation and distribution of cards. Huff recalls
that Taylor spoke in a loud voice and stated that “we were not
allowed to be talking to other employees or getting their names,
anything of that nature” (Tr. 96). Taylor admits seeing Huff
distributing cards, but denied seeing Williams doing so. She
recalls telling Huff that he was not permitted to distribute the
cards in the office because of Respondent’s no-solicitation
policy, but that he was free to do so outside the premises. Huff
responded that they were engaged in legally protected con-
certed activity and intended to continue doing so (Tr. 22, 96).
Huff and Williams did eventually leave the office. Williams
testified that once outside Thomas approached and told them
that he had consulted with company lawyers that morning and
been advised that while Judge’s Schlesinger’s decision in La-
bor Ready I was on appeal, Williams and Huff would be
viewed as being in violation of Respondent’s no-solicitation
policy that such activity was to cease. He further advised that if
they had any questions regarding the matter, they should con-
tact Respondent’s attorneys. Williams claims Huff stated that
they knew their rights, and had no interest in speaking with
Respondent’s attorneys. Williams then added that Thomas
should not confuse what was occurring at the Huntington office
that day, e.g., solicitation of Union representation cards from
employees, with the conduct engaged in by Huff in the Labor
Ready I case, e.g., soliciting of employees signatures so as to
have Respondent revert back to the manner by which employ-
ees were referred out to jobs (Tr. 97–98). After some more
discussion and placing a call to their attorney, Huff and Wil-
liams left. I credit Williams and find that such a conversation
did take place and that Thomas in fact told him and Huff they
were not permitted to solicit inside the office while the judge’s
Labor Ready I decision was being appealed. Thomas, as noted,
admits having met Huff and Williams outside the Huntington
office on August 25. However, his claim that they merely en-
gaged in small chat about the weather is simply not credible, as
was his purported inability to recall seeing Williams inside the
office that day (Tr. 183).
The record reflects that around 8:30 a.m. that same day, job
applicant James Blevins appeared at the Huntington office to
apply for employment. He recalls seeing Huff and Williams,
whom he had known for some time, still in the office. Blevins
testified that on asking Taylor for an application, the latter
pulled a note from behind the counter which read, “Union men
don’t sign anything,” showed it to him, and then placed it back
behind the counter.9 Taylor then asked him for two forms of

9 Taylor’s version is that Blevins came up to her, nodded to two men
seated at a table, and asked who they were. Taylor purportedly took a
slip of paper, wrote the word “Union” on it, and showed it to Blevins.
She claims that Blevins then asked if he had to sign anything, and that
she responded to his query by simply writing on the same piece of
paper, “you don’t have to sign anything,” below the word “Union.” I
credit Blevins over Taylor regarding this incident. Taylor’s version
simply lacked the ring of truth. Asked, for example, what she did with
identification, and handed Blevins a job application which he
filled out and returned. Blevins did not sign the referral list that
day as Taylor told him it was too late to do so and he should
return the next day and put his name on the list, which he
agreed to do.
3. The August 26, incident at the Huntington office
Huff and Williams returned to the Huntington office around
7 a.m. the following day, August 26, and this time found Tho-
mas standing at the entrance to the facility. According to Wil-
liams, Thomas told them they would not be permitted to dis-
tribute papers or solicit signatures on cards inside the premises.
Williams responded that he had a right to engage in such activ-
ity inside the office and, after showing Thomas a blank authori-
zation card, went inside and placed his name on the referral list.
Huff also entered the office and observed Thomas sign the
referral list. Huff claims that when he tried to sign the list,
Thomas called him outside and told him that, based on the ad-
vice of legal counsel, there would be no work for him as he was
still barred from the office, and that if Huff did not leave, the
police would be called. Huff responded that he was engaged in
legally protected activity and therefore had the right to engage
in such solicitation and did not believe he should be barred
from entering the office. Huff refused to leave and instead
went back inside and, joined by Williams, resumed his solicit-
ing activities. Within 20 minutes or so, Blevins entered the
office and signed the referral list.
Thomas did in fact call the police. When the police arrived,
Huff was asked to step outside, which he did. Thomas then
informed the police officer that Huff was trespassing as he had
been barred from entering Labor Ready’s offices. Huff and
Williams responded by showing the police officer a copy of
Judge Schlesinger’s decision. Thomas in the meantime went
back to the office. Unsure of what to do at that point, the police
officer contacted his superior, a Sgt. Brown, who subsequently
appeared accompanied by one or two other police officers. A
short while later, Sgt. Brown and the other police officers en-
tered the office and spoke with Thomas, presumably about
Judge Schlesinger’s decision, at which point Thomas referred
them to his legal counsel. After discussing the matter on the
phone with Respondent’s attorney, Sgt. Brown again spoke

the note after showing it to Blevins, Taylor testified she simply “threw
it in the trash” (Tr. 209). Yet, asked if she showed the note to any other
employee applicant, she testified, “I don’t remember; I don’t know,”
stating further, “I don’t think I did,” suggesting the likelihood that she
might have shown it to someone else (Tr. 208). Taylor’s assertion that
no other applicant asked her “that question” is somewhat ambiguous,
for it is unclear if she is referring to the question about who the two
gentlemen were, or to Blevins’ purported query of whether he had to
sign anything. Taylor, it should be noted, was also uncertain as to what
Blevins might have been referring to when, according to Taylor, he
asked if he had to sign anything. Thus, she admitted it is quite possible
that Blevins might have been making reference to signing the job regis-
ter. Given the vagueness and inconsistencies in her testimony, I reject
her version of this incident and find, as testified to by Blevins, that
Taylor had a prepared note stating, “Union men don’t sign anything”
which she showed to Blevins when he came up to the counter to apply
for work. I am, however, convinced from her own admissions that
Taylor knew that both Huff and Williams were with the Union.
LABOR READY, INC. 379
with Huff and Williams, and told them he was to going to treat
their activity in the same manner as informational picketing.
He then asked if they would be agreeable to soliciting only on
the public sidewalk, but Huff and Williams said it was not
agreeable with them, that they felt they had a right to be inside
the office, but that they would not contravene Sgt. Brown’s
directive. Sgt. Brown informed them that if they went back
inside, a confrontation would more than likely occur, and that
the police would again be called and that, if they come out
again, they would “have to take some kind of action.” (Tr. 103).
When Williams and Huff asked if they were being told to leave,
Sgt. Brown replied he was not, but suggested it would be best if
they did not go back inside again.10
4. The October 28, incident at the Charleston office
Around 7 a.m. on October 28, Huff, accompanied by Steve
Montoney, went to the Charleston office to apply for work.11
When Huff asked the woman behind the counter if he was still
barred from Labor Ready’s offices, the woman looked up
Huff’s name and then responded that he was indeed still barred.
Montoney then signed the referral list. He testified that there
were approximately 15–20 people total already waiting inside
and outside the office for job referrals. South Charleston office
manager, Nick Boggs, an admitted supervisor, testified the
number of employee applicants waiting inside the office num-
bered between 50–60. After Montoney signed the referral list,
he and Huff went outside to talk to those employee applicants
who were outside smoking. Montoney claims he then retrieved
his briefcase from his car containing blank authorization cards,
returned to the group of employees waiting outside, and identi-
fied himself as a voluntary organizer for the Laborers’ Union.
He told employees that he had authorization cards and that if
any employee was interested, they should come inside the of-
fice with him and fill out a card. Montoney claims that as he
entered the office, he again identified himself aloud as a volun-
tary union organizer, presumably for the benefit of those em-
ployees who were waiting inside, and handed out authorization
cards.
Soon after re-entering the office, Boggs, according to Mon-
toney, approached and informed Montoney that he would have
to stop as there was a restraining order against the Union pro-

10 Williams’ uncontradicted testimony that he and Huff were advised
by the police sergeant not to go back into the office suggests that they
would not have been permitted back into the office even if they agreed
not to solicit. It is not clear, however, if the police sergeant was simply
relaying a message received from Thomas or conveying his own per-
sonal view as to what Huff and Williams should or should not do.
11 Montoney was also a fair contracting representative with ACT, as
well as a member of Local 15 of the Bricklayers Union. On October
27, Montoney had gone to the Charleston office to apply for work at
which time he filled out a job application and passed a safety quiz. He
testified that that same day, he was offered a “clean up” job by the
same woman, and when he told the woman he needed to make some
phone calls first and would be right back, the woman told him he was
needed right away, and assigned the job to someone else. Montoney
then left for the day after being told he could come back the next day
and sign the referral list.
hibiting such conduct.12 Montoney responded that he was a
bona fide employee and had a right to be in the office soliciting
as his conduct constituted protected concerted activity. Mon-
toney continued to solicit at which point Boggs, according to
Montoney, threatened to call the police to have him removed if
he did not stop his activity. Montoney, however, reasserted his
Section 7 right to be there. Some 5 minutes later, according to
Montoney, two police officers arrived in the office and in-
structed him to leave because Boggs wanted him out. Mon-
toney protested that he was a legal employee and was simply
exercising his rights under the Act. The police officers then
asked him to step outside, and after some discussion, Montoney
was told he could continue his organizing activity on the side-
walk area outside the office, so long as he did not block the
entrance to the office, and warned by the police that if they had
to return Motoney would be arrested for trespassing or disor-
derly conduct. Montoney assured him he did not want to go to
jail. After the police left, several of the employees who were
inside came out and signed cards. Montoney denies that any
disruption occurred as a result of his solicitation activities.13
Boggs’ version of this incident does not differ much from
Montoney’s version. Thus, he recalls seeing Montoney open
up his briefcase and observing people milling around him.
Claiming he did not know what Montoney was up to, Boggs
testified that whatever Montoney was doing it had created a
disruption in the office, and that it was at that point that he went
over to see what Montoney was doing and to instruct him to
stop whatever he was doing. Montoney responded that he was
distributing information to employees, at which point Boggs
purportedly told him to do so outside because Respondent’s no-
solicitation policy prohibited the solicitation or distribution of
literature “in the workplace.” Boggs described the workplace
as the entire office. Boggs claims he told Montoney several
times to take his activities outside the building and that if he did
so, he (Boggs) would have no problem with what he was doing.
According to Boggs, Montoney’s “in office” solicitation activ-
ity was disrupting his entire operation, and making it difficult
for him to do his own work. Although he claims that Montoney
would have been allowed to remain in the office had he stopped
his solicitation, Boggs admits he never actually said this to
Montoney (Tr. 173; 164–165). Boggs was not asked about the
arrival of, or conversations he may have had with, the police on
October 28, regarding Montoney’s activity. The record reflects
that Montoney was not given a job referral that day, even
12 Boggs’ testimony is that he saw people inside the office gathering
around Montoney when the latter returned with his briefcase but that at
the time he did not know what Montoney was up to and simply asked
him to stop what he was doing because it was causing a disruption in
the office. I credit Montoney and find that he made his union affiliation
known when he reentered the office and that as he began distributing
authorization cards and other union literature, Boggs told him he had to
stop because the Respondent had a restraining order against such activi-
ties.
13 He did recall that at some point, a worker remarked that his father
had been a union guy for some 33 years and that the only the thing the
union had done for his father was to “f—k over him.” The worker then
told Montoney to “take [his] shit and get out of there.” (Tr. 133.)
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 380
though other employee applicants who signed the register after
he did received referrals (Tr. 169).
D. Discussion and Findings
1. The 8(a)(1) allegations
The complaint, as noted, alleges, and the General Counsel
contends, that the refusals to allow Huff, Williams, and Mon-
toney to solicit Union cards from job applicants and employees
at its Huntington and South Charleston offices were unlawful
and violative of Section 8(a)(1). The Respondent denies the
allegation contending, first, that Huff, Williams, and Montoney
were not bona fide job applicants and thus entitled to none of
the Act’s protections, and second, even if they are bona fide
applicants, they are deemed to be “nonemployees” within the
meaning of its no-solicitation policy and, as such, were lawfully
prohibited under the policy from soliciting other employees.
As to its no-solicitation policy, the Respondent argues that the
General Counsel in this case has not shown the rule to be
overly broad or otherwise invalid. The Respondent’s argu-
ments are without merit.
The Respondent, as noted, claims that Huff, Williams, and
Montoney were not bona fide job applicants because, in its
view, they had no real intentions of working for Labor Ready
but were instead using Labor Ready as a conduit for organizing
its construction customers. While all three admitted that if
hired they would engage in efforts to organize Respondent’s, as
well as its customers’, employees, they further testified that
their intent in applying for work was first and foremost to ob-
tain employment with Respondent. Thus, Huff testified that his
intent in applying for work on August 25, was to “get a job and
work for Labor Ready” as well as to “organize Labor Ready”
and its customers (Tr. 41–42). Williams testified that he would
have accepted “any job that they offered me” (Tr. 111), and
Montoney similarly explained that he would have accepted
“any type of work” and that he “applied for whatever positions
was [sic] available” (Tr. 130).
The Respondent offered no evidence to contradict their
claims. Instead, as to Huff, it theorizes that Huff could not
have seriously believed when he applied for work on August
25, that he would receive employment with Labor Ready as he
knew full well that he had been permanently banned from any
further employment with Respondent. Huff, however, ex-
plained that he still believed he might be able to secure em-
ployment with Respondent despite the employment ban im-
posed on him by Respondent. I am inclined to believe Huff. In
this regard, I note that when Huff visited the Huntington office
on August 25, Judge Schlesinger had already issued his deci-
sion finding the work ban to be unlawful. It therefore would
not have been unreasonable for Huff to have believed, given
Judge Schlesinger’s ruling that the ban was unlawful, that the
Respondent would abide by that ruling and allow him to sign
up for job referrals, as he in fact was permitted to do on August
25. Accordingly, I find no support for the Respondent’s claim
that Huff was not a bona fide job applicant.
As to Williams, the Respondent points to certain remarks re-
corded in a daily log (R. Exhs. 5, 6) kept by Williams in con-
nection with the Union’s efforts to organize Labor Ready as
evidence that Williams had no intentions of working for Labor
Ready, and was instead seeking to undermine and disrupt Re-
spondent’s operations.14 Contrary to the Respondent, I find
nothing in the portions of Williams’ daily log cited by the Re-
spondent or, for that matter, elsewhere in log, to support Re-
spondent’s position that Williams’ motivation for seeking em-
ployment with Labor Ready was to somehow cause harm to or
undermine its operations, or to suggest that Williams had no
real interest in working for Respondent. Rather, the remarks
are more suggestive of typical organizational campaign rhetoric
and strategy, and reflect nothing more than Williams’ opinion
on how the Respondent might react to the Union’s campaign.
They do not, however, indicate either expressly or by implica-
tion that Williams was not truly interested in working for Re-
spondent or that his intention in obtaining employment was to
disrupt Labor Ready’s operations or to somehow force it to
give up its construction customers. As with Huff, I find the
Respondent has not demonstrated that Williams was not a bona
fide job applicant. The fact that Williams also intended to en-
gage in organizational efforts once employed by Respondent
does not negate a finding that he was a bona fide employee
applicant. Town & Country Electric, 309 NLRB 1250, (1992),
enf. denied 34 F.3d 625 (1994), revd. 516 U.S. 85 (1995).
In support of its claim that Montoney was not a bona fide job
applicant, the Respondent points to the latter’s refusal to accept
the job offered to him on October 27, when he first appeared at
the South Charleston office, suggesting thereby that this consti-
tutes proof that Montoney was not interested in working for
Respondent. The Respondent, however, misreads Montoney’s
testimony. First, Montoney makes clear in his testimony that
he only visited the South Charleston office on October 27, to
inquire about applying for work and to fill out the necessary
paperwork, and had no plans to begin work that particular day
(Tr. 130, 143). The fact that he showed up at the South Charles-
ton office at 11 a.m. that day supports Montoney’s claim in this
regard.15 Thus, to the extent Montoney can be said to have
refused a job offer that day, the refusal was prompted not by a
purported lack of interest on Montoney’s part, as claimed by
the Respondent, but rather because Montoney had not intended
to begin work that day.16 The following day, however, Mon-
toney showed up at the South Charleston office at 7 a.m. ready

14 The remarks make reference to attempts by the Union to “turn up
the heat a little” against Respondent by finding legitimate unfair labor
practice charges to file against it; to Williams’ observation that while
he did not believe the Union would be successful in organizing Re-
spondent, the latter would nevertheless have a hard time taking care of
business during the Union’s organizational campaign; and to his belief
that the Respondent might very well decide it would not be “worth their
effort to try and continue doing construction work in the Huntington
area.” (RB:15–16.)
15 Respondent opened its offices at 5:30 a.m.
16 Although he had no intentions of working that day, Montoney
credibly explained that when told about the job that was available, he
informed the woman behind the counter that he would be willing to
accept the position but first had to make some calls and would be ready
in 20 minutes. The woman, however, informed him that she needed
someone right away and presumably assigned to work to some other
employee applicant. Montoney’s testimony that he had no lunch
money or tools with him that day reasonably explains why he needed to
make the calls before accepting the position.
LABOR READY, INC. 381
and willing to accept work. The Respondent again suggests
that because Montoney left the office early on October 28, and
did not seek employment with any other employer that day, he
could not have been serious about obtaining employment with
Respondent. Montoney, however, credibly explained that he
refused to reenter the South Charleston office to await a referral
for a job because one of the police officers who responded to
Respondent’s call informed him he would be arrested if he
“went back in the office” (Tr. 153). Thus, Montoney left early
not because he was not interested in working for Respondent
but rather because he had been threatened with arrest if he reen-
tered the premises.17
In sum, the Respondent’s contention that Huff, Williams,
and Montoney were not bona fide job applicants lacks eviden-
tiary support and is rejected, as is its further claim that Blevins
too was not a bona fide applicant. Blevins, like the three al-
leged discriminatees herein, likewise testified that he applied
for work with Respondent on August 26, because he wanted to
make some extra money to supplement what he earned as a
business manager with Laborers Local Union 1445. The Re-
spondent, as with Huff, Williams, and Montoney, offered no
evidence to refute Blevins’ claim of wanting to work for Re-
spondent to make some extra money, and instead relies on its
belief that Blevins was not a credible witness. I found Blevins
to be a generally credible witness and see no reason to reject his
testimony in this regard. Accordingly, I find that Blevins, like
Huff, Williams, and Montoney, was a bona fide job applicant.
The Respondent next argues that even if found to be bona
fide job applicants, Huff, Williams, and Montoney were law-
fully prevented from soliciting in its offices pursuant to its no-
solicitation policy which expressly prohibits “nonemployees
(including job applicants)” from entering its premises for the
purpose of soliciting or distributing literature. As noted, in
Labor Ready I the Respondent raised this very defense with
respect to Huff’s prior attempts to solicit in its offices. The
Board, as further noted, rejected that argument on grounds that
as a job applicant, Huff was deemed to be a statutory employee
lawfully on Respondent’s premises whose right to engage in
solicitation of other employees was governed by the Republic
Aviation standard applicable to employees, and not the “non-
employee” Babcock & Wilcox/Lechmere standard.
That same reasoning is applicable here. Thus, there is no
disputing that Huff, Williams, and Montoney all applied for
work and that they were, as found above, bona fide job appli-
cants. Nor can there be any doubt that they were lawfully enti-
tled to be on Respondent’s premises for Respondent’s policy
required that all successful employee applicants, e.g., those
who submitted applications, passed the safety test, and signed
the referral list, be physically present in the office in order to
receive a job referral. Huff, Williams, and Montoney clearly
satisfied that criteria. Thus, Huff, as noted, was not required to

17 The record does not make clear when Montoney might have left
the premises on October 28. That Montoney chose not to continue
searching for work with other employers after being denied, on the
threat of arrest, re-entry to the South Charleston office is readily under-
standable and hardly constitutes proof that Montoney had no interest in
obtaining employment with Respondent.
resubmit an application when he visited the Huntington office
on August 25, as the Respondent still had his previous applica-
tion on file, and was simply instructed to fill out a new W-4
form and sign the referral list, which he did. Williams and
Montoney did fill out applications, took the required safety test,
and then signed the job referral list at the Huntington and South
Charleston office, respectively. As bona fide job applicants,
Huff, Williams, and Montoney were therefore statutory em-
ployees, and consequently not subject to the no-solicitation
policy applicable to “nonemployees.”18
The Respondent, however, further points out that it also
maintains a no solicitation policy for employees which it con-
tends is lawful under Board and court precedent as it forbids
employee solicitation and distribution in work areas and during
working time. It asserts that the entire office area at both its
Huntington and South Charleston facilities, including the sec-
tion where employees are required to wait until referred out to
jobs, and where the solicitation in question here took place,
constitutes an employee “work area.” Consequently, it argues
that even if Huff, Williams, and Montoney are found to be em-
ployees, they were lawfully prohibited from soliciting in a work
area pursuant to its employee no-solicitation policy. The argu-
ment without merit.
Thus, I do not agree that the portion of the Respondent’s of-
fices where employee applicants are expected to wait for a job
assignment is, as the Respondent, claims, an employee “work
area.” Although used by applicants to fill out their job applica-
tions and to take the safety test, the area serves primarily as a
waiting room and gathering place for employee applicants.
Thus, Taylor’s testimony, that after completing their applica-
18 In fact, in Labor Ready I, the Board, as noted, found the Respon-
dent’s no-solicitation policy to be unlawful on its face as it equated job
applicants, who as noted, are statutory employees, with nonemployees,
and thereby discouraged them from engaging in protected and con-
certed activities. While Respondent’s no-solicitation policy is not
specifically alleged in this case to be unlawful, it is well settled that the
Board’s finding in one proceeding can serve as a basis for a finding in a
later proceeding involving the same employer, Advertisers Mfg., 275
NLRB 100 (1985), and that, under the principle of collateral estoppel,
an issue that has been fully litigated in an earlier proceeding involving
the same parties may not be relitigated in a subsequent proceeding. See
Montana v. U.S., 440 U.S. 147, 153 (1979); Parklane Hosiery Co. v.
Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 326 fn. 5 (1979); Great Lakes Chemical Corp.,
300 NLRB 1024, 1025 (1990); Bethlehem Steel Corp., 283 NLRB 254,
255 (1987); American Model & Pattern, Inc., 277 NLRB 176, 181
(1985); Harvey’s Resort Hotel, 271 NLRB 306 (1984). By raising its
no-solicitation policy for nonemployees as a defense to its refusal to
allow Huff, Williams, and Montoney to solicit in its offices, the Re-
spondent is in effect seeking to relitigate the validity of that policy. As
that particular question was fully litigated by the parties to this proceed-
ing and resolved by the Board in Labor Ready I, I find that the Respon-
dent is collaterally estopped from raising it in this proceeding in de-
fense of its actions.
I am nevertheless convinced that on completing the application
process, passing the safety test (neither of which Huff was required to
undergo), filling out the required tax withholding (W-4) forms, and
signing the referral list, Huff, Williams, Montoney, and Blevins, for all
intents and purposes, ceased being mere job applicants and became
employees of Respondent with an expectation of receiving a work
assignment as soon as their names were reached on the job referral list.
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 382
tions employee applicants often just “linger” around in the area
and for the most part “wait there at the tables” until given an
assignment, supports such a finding (Tr. 211–212). Further,
Boggs’ testimony that the “back part (other side of the counter)
is where the employee CSR’s work, and I work,” and where the
office equipment is situated, makes clear that the South
Charleston, and Huntington’s office personnel have their own
distinct work area separate and apart from the waiting area
designated for employee applicants. In this regard I reject as
pure exaggeration Bogg’s, as well as Thomas’, averment that
the entire office space, e.g., the areas on both sides of the
counter at the South Charleston and Huntington facilities, con-
stitutes one large employee work area. Rather, I find that the
waiting area is a nonwork area for employee applicants. In
fact, it is undisputed, and Thomas so testified (Tr. 195), that an
employee applicants’ actual work site is not the Respondent’s
office but rather the jobsite of the client employer to which the
applicant has been referred for employment.
In view of the foregoing, I find that the solicitation engaged
in by Huff and Williams at the Huntington office on August 25
and 26, and by Huff and Montoney at the South Charleston
office on October 28, did in fact occur in a nonwork area and
during their nonworking time, and that it was, therefore, pro-
tected by Section 7 of the Act.19 Accordingly, I further find
that the Respondent, as alleged in the complaint, violated Sec-
tion 8(a)(1) of the Act when Taylor, on August 25, and Tho-
mas, on August 26, prohibited Huff and Williams from solicit-
ing in the Huntington office; when Thomas called the police on
August 26, to have Huff and Williams removed from the Hunt-
ington office for refusing to stop their solicitation, Roadway
Package System, 302 NLRB 961, 973–974 (1991), and when
Boggs, on October 28, at the South Charleston facility, also
interfered with Montoney’s right to solicit in the office and
thereafter called the police when he refused to do so. Id. Fi-
nally, I agree with the General Counsel that the Respondent
also violated Section 8(a)(1) when Taylor handed Blevins a
note stating, “union men don’t sign anything.” This unsolicited
remark by Taylor was, in my view, coercive in that it was
clearly intended as a warning to Blevins not to sign any of the

19 The Respondent’s assertion on brief (p. 34) that Montoney was
disrupting its operations by soliciting in the office is rejected as without
merit. Its argument in this regard is based on Boggs’ testimony that
there was “quite a ruckus” going on in the office, with “people bump-
ing into people” to see what Montoney was doing (Tr. 163). Other than
admitting that one job applicant expressed disapproval of unions, Mon-
toney denied Boggs’ claim that his solicitation caused a disruption at
the South Charleston office that day (Tr. 151). I credit Montoney over
Boggs and find that Montoney’s activities did not cause a disruption at
the South Charleston facility. The Respondent makes no similar claim
of disruption with respect to the activities undertaken at the Huntington
office by Williams and Huff. Taylor did testify, somewhat vaguely,
that everyone in the office was “talking to each other about what was
going on,” that there were some very “outspoken people in there” and
that “at times they were sitting there arguing amongst themselves over
it” (Tr. 210). She did not, however, claim that such discussion had
disrupted Respondent’s operations in any way. Further, her testimony
makes clear that she asked Huff and Williams to leave because Re-
spondent prohibited any solicitation in the office, and not because they
were being disruptive.
authorization cards which Huff and Williams were distributing
to other employees in the office at the time. Blevins could
reasonably have viewed the remark as a threat that signing such
a card might adversely affect his chances of receiving a job
referral.
2. The 8(a)(3) allegations
The complaint alleges, the General Counsel contends, and
the Respondent denies that it unlawfully refused to refer Huff,
Williams, and Montoney to jobs because of their Union activ-
ity. The Respondent instead argues that Huff was not referred
for employment because he had previously been banned from
any further employment with Labor Ready, and that Montoney
and Williams were never actually denied job referrals but were
instead instructed not to solicit in its offices. Had Montoney
and Williams adhered to Respondent’s no-solicitation policy
and instructions, they would have been allowed to remain in the
office and remained eligible for job referrals. Thus, it argues
that it was Montoney’s and Williams’ own unwillingness to
obey Respondent’s instructions, not their union activities,
which led to their not receiving any job referrals.
Under Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083 (1980), enfd. 662 F.2d
899 (1st Cir. 1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 989 (1982), the Gen-
eral Counsel bears an initial burden of making a prima facie
showing that the Respondent’s refusal to refer Huff, Williams,
and Montoney was motivated, at least in part, by their involve-
ment in union or other protected activity. The General Counsel
meets that burden by showing that the alleged discriminatees
were engaged in union or other protected activity, that the Re-
spondent knew of such activity, and that it harbored antiunion
animus. Should the General Counsel prevail in this regard, the
burden shifts to the Respondent to demonstrate that these indi-
viduals would not have been referred to jobs even if they had
not engaged in such activity. To satisfy its burden, an employer
cannot simply present a legitimate reason for its actions but
must instead persuade by a preponderance of credible evidence
that the same action would have taken place even in the ab-
sence of the protected conduct. T & J Trucking Co., 316 NLRB
771 (1995).
The General Counsel has made out a prima facie case with
respect to all three. The evidence makes clear that the Respon-
dent knew full well that Huff, Williams, and Montoney were
union activists intent on organizing its operations, and that it
was strongly opposed to such activities. For example, the Re-
spondent knew, given Huff’s prior attempts to solicit at its of-
fices, and the findings made by the Board in Labor Ready I in
connection with that activity, that Huff was a union activist.
Further, Taylor’s claim that she identified Huff and Williams to
Blevins on August 25, as being with the Union makes clear that
she, and thus the Respondent, knew that Williams too was a
union activist, which Williams subsequently confirmed when
he and Huff openly began soliciting signatures on authorization
cards from employee applicants awaiting referrals. I reject as
not credible Taylor’s claim that she only saw Huff, but not
Williams, engaged in such solicitation. Rather, I credit Wil-
liams and find that he too openly solicited cards from employee
applicants that day and that Taylor observed him doing so and
instructed him to stop. I am also convinced that Thomas must
LABOR READY, INC. 383
have known of Huff’s and Williams’ activities for, having
found that he was present in the office that morning, it is highly
unlikely he would not have heard the exchange between Taylor,
Huff, and Williams. In fact, Williams’ credited testimony that
Thomas asked him and Huff to step outside to discuss the mat-
ter makes clear that he knew that Huff and Williams were union
activists and that they were engaged in organizational efforts.
Finally, as to Montoney, his testimony, which I also credit,
establishes that the Respondent, through Boggs, learned, if it
did not already know, of Montoney’s union affiliation and
sympathies soon after the latter applied for work on October 28.
Respondent’s unlawful refusals to allow Huff, Williams, and
Montoney to solicit other applicants on their nonwork time in a
nonwork area provides the evidence of antiunion animus
needed by the General Counsel to make out a prima facie case.
I therefore find that the General Counsel has made out a prima
facie case under Wright Line, and that the burden now rests
with the Respondent to present evidence to refute the prima
facie case. The Respondent, I find, has not done so here.
The Respondent’s sole defense with respect to Huff, as
noted, is that it did not refer him out because Huff had been
permanently barred from further employment with Labor
Ready. The flaw in Respondent’s defense is that no explana-
tion was offered in this case as to why it barred Huff from all
employment in the first place. If Huff was barred for some
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason unrelated to his Union or
other protected activity, I would be inclined to agree with Re-
spondent that its refusal to provide him with a job referral on
August 25, did not contravene the Act. If, on the other hand,
Huff’s employment ban was motivated by his Union activities,
then the Respondent’s refusal to allow him onto its property to
apply for work, or to refer him out for employment, would
clearly have been discriminatory and violative of the Act. It
was incumbent on the Respondent, as part of its Wright Line
burden of persuasion, to provide some legitimate nondiscrimi-
natory explanation for having barred Huff from all employment
as a means of demonstrating that its refusal to refer him out was
lawfully motivated. The Respondent, as noted, has not done so.
Instead, it asks that I accept as face value its claim that it had a
right not to offer Huff employment and to keep him off its
property because it had, for reasons it chose not to reveal, per-
manently barred him from all such employment. I decline to do
so, for under Wright Line, the Respondent’s burden, as stated,
is one of establishing by a preponderance of credible evidence
that it refused to refer Huff for employment for reasons unre-
lated to his union activities. Its bald assertion herein that it
acted lawfully in denying Huff employment because the latter
had been permanently banned from employment, without pro-
viding the underlying reason for the permanent ban, clearly
falls short of that mark. The Respondent, I find, has failed to
refute the General Counsel’s prima facie case with respect to
Huff.20 Accordingly, I further find that, as alleged in the com-

20 While the reason(s) for Respondent’s permanent employment ban
on Huff was not made clear in this record, in Labor Ready I, of which I
take judicial notice, the Board found that the Respondent had violated
Sec. 8(a)(3) and (1) by unlawfully barring Huff from any further em-
ployment because it believed “that Huff was organizing” its employees.
plaint and contended by the General Counsel, the Respondent
unlawfully denied Huff employment on August 25 and 26, and
again on October 28, when he sought to apply for work at the
South Charleston facility, because of his activities on behalf of
the Union, and that said actions violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1)
of the Act.
With respect to Williams and Montoney, the Respondent, as
noted, claims neither was denied a job referral because of his
Union affiliation and that they were simply asked to refrain
from soliciting inside the office and asked to leave when they
refused to do so. It contends that had they adhered to its no-
solicitation policy, both Williams and Montoney could have
remained in the office and been referred out to jobs. However,
as found above, Williams and Montoney had a Section 7 right
to solicit in Respondent’s offices, for the area in which they
undertook such activity was a nonwork area and their activity
occurred during their nonworking time. As such, the Respon-
dent could not, without running afoul of the Act, condition
Williams’ and Montoney’s receipt of a job referral on their
agreement to relinquish that statutory right. See, e.g., Goodless
Electric Co., 321 NLRB 64, 68 (1996); White-Evans Service
Co., 285 NLRB 81, 82 (1987); Remodeling by Oltmans, Inc.,
263 NLRB 1152, 1162 (1982); J. J. Security, Inc., 252 NLRB
1290, 1294 (1980). Yet, this is precisely what it has done here.
While there is no indication in the record that Williams and
Montoney were expressly told they would not receive a job
referral unless they gave up their Section 7 right to solicit cards
in the office, that message was implicitly conveyed to them
when the Respondent insisted that they leave the premises if
they wished to continue with their protected activities. Know-
ing full well that they could remain eligible for a job assign-
ment only if they were physically present in Respondent’s of-
fice, and that Respondent, as evident by its decision to call the
police, had no intentions of allowing them to continue soliciting
on its premises, Williams and Montoney would have clearly
recognized that the Respondent, implicitly, was presenting
them with a Hobson’s choice of either leaving the premises if
they wished to continue soliciting, thereby forfeiting eligibility
for employment, or remaining in the office and, therefore, eli-
gible for work on condition that they cease their protected ac-
tivities inside the office. The Respondent’s assertion on brief
with respect to Montoney, that he “would have been permitted
to remain in the office (and continue to be eligible for referral
that day)” had he been willing to refrain from engaging in pro-
tected activity inside the office, fully supports the view that
Montoney’s and Williams’ chance for employment with Re-
spondent was indeed made contingent on their willingness to
give up his Section 7 rights (R. Br. 34–35).21 Accordingly, by

In the absence of any other explanation from the Respondent as to why
it barred Huff, I find, consistent with the Board’s ruling in Labor Ready
I, that Huff was permanently barred from employment because of his
union activities.
21 Respondent’s argument on brief with respect to Williams, that he
simply “was not present to be referred out to work . . . has never been
asked to leave” and that it “has never refused to refer him out to work”
is without merit, as it is based on Thomas’ discredited version of
events. Rather, Williams’ above testimony makes clear that Thomas
DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD 384
conditioning Williams’ and Montoney’s continued eligibility
for job referrals on their agreement not to engage in Union
solicitation on its premises, which they clearly had a Section 7
right to do, the Respondent, I find, has sought to discourage
said individuals and other employee applicants from engaging
in Union activities, and thereby violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1)
of the Act, as alleged.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. The Respondent is an employer within the meaning of
Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act, and the Union is a labor
organization within the meaning of Section 2(5) of the Act.
2. By refusing to allow job applicants Donald Huff, Thomas
Williams, and Stephen Montoney to solicit union authorization
cards from other employees and job applicants during their
nonworking time and in the nonwork areas of its Huntington
and Charleston offices, by calling the police to remove them
from its offices for engaging in such conduct, and by telling job
applicants not to sign union authorization cards, the Respondent
has violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
3. By refusing to refer Huff, Williams, and Montoney for
employment because they engaged in activities on behalf of the
Union, the Respondent has violated Section 8(a)(3) and (1) of
the Act.
4. The Respondent’s above violations are unfair labor prac-
tices affecting commerce within the meaning of Section 2(6)
and (7) of the Act.
REMEDY
Having found that the Respondent has engaged in certain un-
fair labor practices, I find that it must be ordered to cease and
desist and to take certain affirmative action designed to effectu-
ate the policies of the Act.
To remedy its unlawful refusal to refer Huff, Williams, and
Montoney for employment, the Respondent shall be required to
offer them employment to the same or substantially equivalent
positions to which they would have been referred but for the
Respondent’s discriminatory conduct, without prejudice to any
seniority or other rights and privileges they would have re-
ceived through any such referral. The Respondent shall be
required to make Huff, Williams, and Montoney whole for any
loss of earnings and other benefits they may have suffered due
to Respondent’s failure and refusal to assign them work
through its referral system.22 Any amounts due and owing to

indeed told both they could not engage in solicitation inside the office
because it was appealing the Labor Ready I decision.
Documents introduced into evidence by the General Counsel as GC
Exh. 3, the job referral list signed by Huff and Williams, suggests that
Huff and Williams in fact were denied a job opportunity by virtue of
their refusal to give up their Sec. 7 rights and remain in the office.
Thus, GC Exh. 3 shows that both Huff’s and Williams’ names were
crossed out. The Respondent, who maintains custody of the referral
list, had no explanation for why both their names were crossed off the
list. It is reasonable to infer, however, that it was the Respondent’s
doing and that it did so possibly soon after Huff and Williams were
escorted out by the police following their refusal to end their solicita-
tion inside the office.
22 In this case, the backpay period for Huff and Williams begins on
August 25, when they first placed their names on the referral list at the
Huff, Williams, and Montoney shall be computed in accor-
dance with the formula set forth in F. W. Woolworth Co., 90
NLRB 289 (1950), with interest on the amounts to computed in
the manner described in New Horizons for the Retarded, 283
NLRB 1173 (1987). Finally, the Respondent shall be required
to remove from its files any reference to its unlawful refusal to
refer Huff, Williams, and Montoney for employment, and to
notify these individuals in writing that it has done so and that
its unlawful failure to refer them for employment will not be
used against them in any way.
On these findings of fact and conclusions of law and on the
entire record, I issue the following recommended23
ORDER
The Respondent, Labor Ready, Inc., Huntington and South
Charleston, West Virginia, its officers, agents, successors, and
assigns, shall
1. Cease and desist from
(a) Enforcing its unlawful no-solicitation policy against job
applicants Donald Huff, Thomas Williams, and Steve Mon-
toney, or any other job applicant, by refusing to allow them to
solicit union authorization cards from employees or job appli-
cants awaiting job referrals during nonworking time and in the
nonwork areas at the Huntington and South Charleston offices,
by calling the police to have them removed from its offices
because they engaged in such protected conduct, and by telling
job applicants not to sign union authorization cards.
(b) Refusing to allow Huff to apply for work at its Hunting-
ton and South Charleston offices, and refusing to refer Huff,
Williams, and Montoney for employment because of their
membership in or activities on behalf of the Union.
(c) In any like or related manner interfering with, restraining,
or coercing employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed
them by Section 7 of the Act.
2. Take the following affirmative action necessary to effec-
tuate the policies of the Act.
(a) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, notify Huff
that he is free to return to its Huntington and South Charleston,
West Virginia offices and apply for work, and offer him, Wil-
liams, and Montoney employment in jobs for which they had
applied or, if those jobs no longer exist, to substantially equiva-
lent positions, without prejudice to their seniority or any other
rights or privileges to which they would have been entitled had
they not been discriminated against.
(b) Make Huff, Williams, and Montoney whole for any
losses they may have suffered as a result of the discrimination

Huntington office, and for Montoney on October 28, when he placed
his name on the South Charleston office’s referral list. Although Mon-
toney did apply for work on October 27, he readily admits he was not
ready to work that day and in fact did not sign the referral list. The
backpay period continues to run for all three individuals until such time
as the Respondent makes them a good faith referral for employment.
23 If no exceptions are filed as provided by Sec. 102.46 of the
Board’s Rules and Regulations, the findings, conclusions, and recom-
mended Order shall, as provided in Sec. 102.48 of the Rules, be
adopted by the Board and all objections to them shall be deemed
waived for all purposes.
LABOR READY, INC. 385
against them, with interest, as set forth in the remedy section of
this decision.
(c) Within 14 days from the date of this Order, remove from
its files any and all reference to its unlawful refusal to refer
Huff, Williams, and Montoney for employment and, within 3
days thereafter, notify them in writing that it has done so and
that its discriminatory conduct will not be used against them in
any way.
(d) Preserve and, within 14 days of a request, make available
to the Board or its agents for examination and copying, all pay-
roll records, social security payment records, timecards, per-
sonnel records and reports, and all other records, including an
electronic copy of records if stored in electronic form, neces-
sary to analyze the amount of backpay due under the terms of
this Order.
(e) Within 14 days after service by the Region, post at its of-
fices nationwide copies of the attached notice marked “Appen-
dix.”24 Copies of the notice, on forms provided by the Regional
Director for Region 9, after being signed by the Respondent’s
authorized representative, shall be posted by the Respondent
immediately upon receipt and maintained for 60 consecutive
days in conspicuous places including all places where notices to
employees are customarily posted. Reasonable steps shall be
taken by the Respondent to ensure that the notices are not al-
tered, defaced, or covered by any other material. In the event
that, during the pendency of these proceedings, the Respondent
has gone out of business or closed any of its facilities, the Re-
spondent shall duplicate and mail, at its own expense, a copy of
the notice to all current employees and former employees em-
ployed by the Respondent at any time since August 25, 1998.

24 Although the General Counsel here, as he did in Labor Ready I,
has not specifically requested a nationwide posting of the Notice to
Employees, he does urge on brief (p. 18) that an appropriate remedy be
fashioned to remedy the effects of the Respondent’s unlawful conduct.
As it is clear from the complaint allegations and findings herein that the
Respondent continues to enforce at its Huntington and South Charles-
ton, West Virginia offices, and presumably throughout its offices na-
tionwide, the no-solicitation policy found unlawful in Labor Ready I, I
find it appropriate to recommend, consistent with a similar recommen-
dation made by Judge Schlesinger and adopted by the Board in Labor
Ready I, that the Notice to Employees be posted nationwide.
If this Order is enforced by a judgment of a United States court of
appeals, the words in the notice reading “Posted by Order of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board” shall read “Posted Pursuant to a Judg-
ment of the United States Court of Appeals Enforcing an Order of the
National Labor Relations Board.”
(f) Within 21 days after service by the Region, file with the
Regional Director a sworn certification of a responsible official
on a form provided by the Region attesting to the steps that the
Respondent has taken to comply.
APPENDIX
NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES
POSTED BY ORDER OF THE
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
An Agency of the United States Government
The National Labor Relations Board has found that we violated the
National Labor Relations Act and has ordered us to post and abide
by this notice.

WE WILL NOT prohibit Donald Huff, Thomas Williams,
and Steve Montoney or any other job applicant or employee
from engaging in Union solicitation on our premises pursuant
to the no-solicitation policy which the National Labor Relations
Board has found to be unlawful, and WE WILL NOT call the
police to have them removed from our premises for engaging in
such protected activity, and WE WILL NOT tell employee ap-
plicants not to sign union authorization cards.
WE WILL NOT discriminate against Huff, Williams, and
Montoney, or any other job applicant, by refusing to refer them
for employment because of their support for or activities on
behalf of the Union.
WE WILL NOT in any like or related manner interfere with,
restrain, or coerce you in the exercise of the rights guaranteed
you by Section 7 of the Act.
WE WILL, within 14 days of the Board’s Order, offer Huff,
Williams, and Montoney employment to the jobs for which
they applied or, if those jobs no longer exist, to substantially
equivalent positions, without prejudice to the seniority or any
other rights or privileges they would have enjoyed but for the
discrimination practiced against them.
WE WILL make Huff, Williams, and Montoney whole for
any losses they may have suffered because of our discrimina-
tion against them, with interest.
WE WILL, within 14 days of the Board’s Order, remove
from our files any reference to our unlawful refusal to refer
Huff, Williams, and Montoney for employment and, within 3
days thereafter, WE WILL notify them in writing that this has
been done and that our discriminatory conduct will not be used
against them in any way.
LABOR READY, INC.