Don Bass Trucking, Inc.

National Labor Relations Board - Board Decisions

Jul 24, 1985

275 N.L.R.B. 1172 (N.L.R.B. 1985)

1172 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
Don Bass Trucking, Inc: Employer -Petitioner and
Chauffeurs , Teamsters .- and Helpers, Local
Union No. 301. Case 13-RM-1313
24 July 1985
DECISION AND ORDER REMANDING
By CHAIRMAN DOTSON AND MEMBERS
HUNTER AND DENNIS
Upon a petition-duly filed under Section 9(c) of
the National Labor Relations Act, a hearing was
held on various dates between 15 August 1980, and
25 September 1980, before Hearing Officer Margo
R. Newman. Following the hearing and pursuant
to Section 102.67 of the National Labor Relations
Board Rules and Regulations; the Regional Direc-
tor for Region 13 transferred this case to the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board for decision. Thereaf-
ter, the Employer and the Union filed briefs.'
The National Labor Relations Board has delegat-
ed its authority 'in 'this proceeding to a three-
member panel.
The Board has reviewed the hearing officer's
rulings made at the hearing and finds no prejudicial
error. was committed.' They are affirmed.
On the entire record in this proceeding, the
Board finds -
1. The Employer is engaged in commerce within
the meaning of the Act, and it will effectuate the
policies of the Act to assert jurisdiction here.
2. The parties -stipulated, and we - find, that the
Union, which claims to represent certain employees
of the Employer, is a labor organization as defined
in the Act. -
3. -A question affecting' commerce exists concern-
ing the representation of employees of the Employ-
er within the meaning of Sections 9(c)(l)=and 2(6)
and (7) of the Act.
The Employer provides the services of hauling
and dumping gravel as well as carrying nursery
stock and other commodities. The Employer's
president Don Bass conducted the business from
his home until 1975, when he erected a small office
along with a parking area, and "in 1979 he erected a
garage. The Employer also employs, inter alia, two
truckdrivers, Mark Zieman and Scott Grovner,
who are admittedly employees within the meaning
of the Act -and are 'undisputedly in the unit. The
Employer's "company drivers" are supplemented
by nine owner-operators of equipment which is
leased to the Employer.2
i The Employer and the Union have requested oral argument The re-
quest is denied as the record, exceptions, and briefs adequately present
the issues and the positions of the parties
2 The nine owner-operators are Doug Westerfield, Ken Barlett, Robert
Papke, John Pence, 'Oz Solidivar, Robert Runge, Vern Anderson, Rich-
ard Jones, and Jerry Ruckdeschel Two owner-operators (Jones and
The issue-here concerns the status of the owner-
operators. The Employer contends that they are in-
dependent contractors. The Union contends that
they are employees within the meaning-of the Act.
Since 1972 the Employer and the Union have
been parties to a series of collective-bargaining
agreements covering the Employer's truckdrivers,
including the owner-operators. The Employer filed
the instant petition after the most recent agreement
expired. During the period of these agreements, the
Employer also entered into lease agreements with
the owner-operators. The current leases -were draft-
ed and signed- after the latest collective-bargaining
agreement expired and at a time while the hearing
in this case was already in progress.
• The ' record ' shows that 'the Employer is a
common carrier operating almost exclusively intra-
state. The Employer is subject to the regulations of
the Illinois Commerce Commission (111CC), which
issues the Employer a certificate of convenience
covering the transportation of,certain commodities
within the State of Illinois. These regulations re-
quire that an authorized carrier (i.e., the Employer)
may perform authorized transportation under cer-
tain conditions in equipment it does not own.
Among these conditions are that the carrier shall
identify the equipment with its insignia and that the
carrier shall prepare and keep-documents covering
each trip for which the equipment is used in its
service Another condition is. that there shall be a
written lease granting' the use of the equipment that
meets certain requirements.
The' Employer's leases with the owner-operators
here are for at least 30 days and from month to
month thereafter for a period not to exceed 3 years
or until canceled by. either in writing. The, lease
provides that "the. said -Equipment leased hereby
shall be under the exclusive possession, use, control
and responsibility of Carrier during the term of this
lease whenever such equipment is operated by and
for Carrier as leasee of said equipment."3 The
leases also provide that the owner-operator re-
serves the possession, use, control,- and responsibil-
ity of the equipment at all other times and that he
has the right to haul for other carriers. Under the
lease, the owner-operator is responsible for main-
taining the equipment, including the expense of
such maintenance and repair, in conformance with
I11CC regulations and to furnish proof of compli-
ance to the Employer. This responsibility includes
Ruckdeschel) signed' lease agreements shortly before the close of the
hearing, and there is little information on them Anderson employs one
driver and Ruckdeschel employs four drivers '
3 This quoted language comports with the requirements contained in
sec 18-201 of the 111CC regulations
275 NLRB No. 163
DON BASS- TRUCKING 1173
displaying the requisite safety sticker issued by the
State of Illinois on each piece of equipment'.
Although the Il1CC regulations state that the
"lease shall clearly specify the legal obligation of
the authorized carrier" to maintain certain insur-
ance coverage for the protection of the public,4 the
leases here contain no such provision and instead
provide that the owner-operators shall provide and
maintain in force such insurance. The leases also
contain certain -indemnity clauses by which the
owner-operators agree to save harmless the Em-
ployer for certain claims and liabilities arising from
the operation of the leased equipment.
The Employer provides parking -spaces- for
owner-operators at a reduced rate, sells them fuel
at wholesale prices, allows them to use its credit to
purchase materials and parts, and stores fuel for
one owner at no charge. In addition, the Employer
has financed tractors for two owner-operators at a
savings to them. "
- The Employer does not require a job application
form, but makes its decision on acknowledged em-
ployees and owner-operators on their individual
reputations or through checks of their background,
including checks with former employers. Nor does
the Employer require a prehire driving test from
either the acknowledged employee drivers or the
owner-operators; instead, it is' satisfied if_they pos-
sess an Illinois license to drive a truck.5 Under the
lease, the contractor (owner-operator) agrees to
furnish a driver to operate the leased equipment
who meets all driving requirements imposed by the
111CC and to warrant that the driver will comply
with all laws and regulations of Federal, State, and
local governments applicable to intrastate hauling
while the Employer's authority is being used. Don
Bass testified that failure to comply with these
terms of the agreement will result in the termina-
tion of the agreement. The leases- also make the
owner-operators responsible for nonowner drivers,
including their workmen's and unemployment com-
pensation, and provide that the Employer's work
rules do not apply to owner-operators. The leases
provide that the parties intend to create the rela-
tionship of carrier and independent contractor.
Customers contract with the Employer for the
services of drivers and equipment. The rates
charged.to the customers are determined, by the
customers and the Employer after recommenda-
tions from a tariff commission. Under the I11CC
4 Both the IIICC regulations and the leases described the insurance
coverage for the protection of the public as that required by sec 18-701
of the Illinois Motor Carrier of Property Law
5 Illinois requires that an owner-operator must be at least 18 years of
age and must pass a driver's test that includes loading and unloading ma-
neuvers State law' also limits the hours a driver may drive in a given
period and during 1 week
regulations, the Employer is required to state on
the face of the lease the amount to be paid to the
owner-operator for the driver's service and equip-
ment.6 In practice, the owner-operator telephones
the Employer to-receive the assignments that are
located and arranged by the Employer. The Em-
ployer tells the owner-operator the location of the
job 'as well as the expected arrival time at the site.
Don Bass testified that the customers call him if
problems arise ,over the owner-operator's perform-
ance. Although Bass denied that he supervises the
owner-operators, he testified that he will terminate
an owner-operator for failure to comply with the
terms of the lease agreement and for using drugs or
fighting.
Following the completion of the job, the owner-
operator turns in to the Employer a manifest for
jobs performed on a per-tonnage basis, or a time
ticket for jobs paid by the hour. The lease. provides
that the Employer "will bill to and be responsible
for collecting from customers 'procurred by the
Carrier on the contractor's behalf' and that pay-
ment must be made to the owner-operator within
15 days after receipt of the gross revenues by the
Employer. At another section of the lease, it is pro-
vided that "Contractor bears the principal risk of
nonpayment by customers billed by Carriers on
Contractor's behalf."
The lease provides that the owner-operators may
reject loads and determine work schedules and
routes. Although the owner-operators retain the
right to carry- for other carriers under the lease,
they may "do so only upon timely notice to the
[Employer], or upon completion of the delivery
procured by the Employer on the contractor's
behalf." Don Bass testified that the owner-opera-
tors have rejected particular job assignments.
In making our determination concerning the
status of these owner-operators, we are guided ' by
the common law agency test7 and most important-
ly the right of control test:
Where the one for whom the services are per-
formed retains the right to control the manner
and means by which the result is to be accom-
plished, the relationship is one of employment;
while on the other hand, where control is ,re;
versed only as to the result sought, the rela-
tionship is that of an independent contractor.
6 There is little variation in the negotiated percentage rates of gross
receipts that the owner-operators pay to the Employer under the leases
Generally, the owner-operators pay approximately 10 percent for the use
of the Employer's operating rights and another 10 percent if they rent a
trailer from the Employer Rates also are affected by the size of the
trucks being operated and, in a few instances, the owner-operator's doing
his own bookkeeping I -
7 NLRB v United Insurance Co, 390 U S 254, 256 (1968) -
1174 DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
The resolution of this question depends on the
facts of each case, and no one factor is deter-
minative.8
This test has been applied by the Board and numer-
ous courts.9 _Applying these principles to the evi-
dence of the entire working relationship in this
case, we have concluded that the owner-operators
at issue here are independent contractors.
The Union position that these owner-operators
are employees within the meaning of the Act rests
primarily- on the I11CC regulations, which the
Union, contends substantially dictate' the terms of
an employment- relationship. At the outset we note
that in Air Transit the Board cited with favor Sea-
farers Local 77 (Yellow Cab) v. NLRB,1 ° in which
the court rejected the argument that Government-
imposed regulations constitute company control
over drivers.1 i Thus, in Air Transit the Board com-
mented as follows:
Government regulations constitute supervision
not by the employer but by' the state," the
court reasoned that more extensive govern-
mental regulations afford less opportunity for
control by the putative employer "because the
employer cannot evade the law either and in
requiring compliance with the law he is not
controlling the driver.17
17 603 F 2d at 875 Accord Air Transit [679 F 2d 1095 (4th Cir
1982)] supra at 1100. SIDA of Hawaii v NLRB, 512 F 2d 354, 359
(9th Cir 1975)
Turning to the particular regulations here, we
note that the subject matter of many of the regula-
tions relied on by the Union do not substantially in-
volve issues concerning wages, hours, and other
terms and conditions of employment nor do they
dictate that the Employer retain the right to con-
trol the actual manner and means by which the
owner-operators carry out deliveries for the Em-
ployer. Indeed, in this latter regard the regulations
as a practical matter appear to be honored more in
the breach than in the observance.12 Thus, the
8 See News'Syndicate Co, 164 NLRB 422, 423-424 (1967), quoted in
Air Transit, 271 NLRB 1108, 1110 (1984)
9 See. e g, Ace Doran Hauling Co, 191 NLRB 428 (1971), enf granted
in part and denied in part 462 F 2d 190 (6th Cir 1972) Pony Trucking,
Inc, 198 NLRB 686 (1972). enfd 486 F 2d 1039 (6th Ctr 1973), Deaton,
Inc, 203 NLRB 1099 (1973), enfd 502 F 2d 1221 (5th Cir 1974), Aetna
Freight Lines, 209 NLRB 850 (1974), enfd 520 F 2d 928 (6th Cir 1975),
Am-Del-Co, Inc, 234 NLRB 1040 (1977), enf denied sub nom Merchants
Home Delivery Service v NLRB . 580 F 2d 966 (9th Cir 1978), Yellow Cab
Co, 229 NLRB 1329 (1977). enfd sub nom Seafarers Local 777 v NLRB,
603 F 2d 862 (D C Cir 1978), A Duie Pyle, Inc. 236 NLRB 1220 (1978),
enf denied 606 F 2d 379 (3d Cir 1979)
10 Air Transit, supra at 1110
11 603 F 2d 862 (D C Cir 1978)
12 Member Dennis does not rely on evidence that the lease provisions_
are inconsistent with 111CC regulations in some respects , as she finds even
total compliance with such regulations would not constitute company
I11CC regulations expressly require. the Employer
to maintain liability insurance on the trucks: the
parties' lease however provides that the owner-op-
erators bear the responsibility for providing and
maintaining such liability insurance . The leases also
contain indemnity clauses by which the truck
owners agree to save harmless the Employer for
certain claims and liabilities arising from the oper-
ation of the trucks leased to the Employer.
Another example of the conflict between the
Government regulations and the leases involve pro-
visions bearing on entrepreneurial risk. The 111CC
regulations require the Employer to pay the
owner-operator for his trucking services within 15,
days after the owner-operator submits the neces-
sary documentation showing. delivery of the ship-
ment . The parties' leases , however, assign to the .
owner-operator the ultimate risk of loss ( i.e., non-
payment) if one of the Employer's customers fails
to pay the Employer for trucking services per-
formed by an owner-operator'on behalf of the Em-
ployer.
There are various other factors on the record
that indicate that the owner-operators enjoy certain
freedoms and bear certain risks consistent with the
operation of independent businessmen . The owner-
operators own their own trucks which they pur-
chase privately. They maintain and repair their
own trucks. They purchase the fuel used in per-
forming hauling services for the Employer. They
pay the Employer to park their trucks on the Em-
ployer's premises . The owner-operators may reject
assignments from the Employer. They determine
their own work schedules and delivery- routes.
They are free to perform hauling services for other
carriers when not actually engaged in hauling for
the Employer.
The Employer maintains no personnel or payroll
records on the owner-operators, provides them no
employment benefits, and does not deduct taxes or
social security from payments it makes to them.
The truck lease agreements between the Employer
and the owner-operators expressly provide that the
Employer's work rules do not apply to the owner-
operators and that the parties intend to create an
independent contractor relationship. 13
control over the manner and means of the owner -operators ' performance
of their functions Air Transit, Inc, 271 NLRB 1108, 1111 (1984)
13 The independent contractor relationship between the Employer and
the truck owner-operators is demonstrated by the sharp contrast to the
acknowledged employment relationship between the Employer and its
two nonowner employee truckdrivers Thus, the latter simply drive
trucks owned and maintained by the Employer, while the former invest
large sums of capital in the purchase and upkeep of their trucks The
nonowner employee truckdrivers are paid an hourly wage , while the
owner-operators instead receive the entire gross receipts earned by their
trucks, minus a percentage brokerage fee paid by the owner -operators to
Continued
DON BASS TRUCKING 1175
On the whole record , we find that the owner-op-
erators here are independent , contractors . Thus,- the
Employer has not retained the right to control the
actual manner and means by which the owner-op-
erators perform their sevices and the common law
agency test for employee status has not been
met.14
the Employer The nonowner employee truckdrivers are assigned work
and are required to maintain regular hours, while the owner-operators
work according to their,own schedules, accept or reject specific work
assignments at their own discretion, and follow delivery routes of their
own choosing
14 This result is consistent with numerous recent Board decisions See
Austin Tupler Trucking, 261 NLRB 183 (1982), Kentucky Prince Coal
Corp, 253 NLRB 559 (1980), Tarheel Coals Inc, 253 NLRB 563 (1980),
and Georgia Pacific Corp, 249 NLRB 1280 (1980) See also NLRB Y A
Duie Pyle, Inc, 606 F 2d 379 (3d Cir 1979), denying enforcement of 236
NLRB 1220 (1978), Associated General Contractors of California, Inc v
NLRB, 564 F 2d 271 (9th Cir 1977), denying enforcement of 220 NLRB
540 (1975)
To the extent that Mitchell Bros Truck'Lines, 249 NLRB 476 (1980),
relied on by the Union, is inconsistent with this decision, we overrule it
As described above, the record shows that the
Employer employs 'two truckdrivers who are un-
disputed employees within the meaning of the Act
and in the following appropriate unit:
All employee drivers but excluding owner-op-
erators and their nonowner drivers, office cler-
ical employees, supervisors and guards as de-
fined in the Act.
Our decision to find the nine owner-operators to be
independent contractors, who' are not appropriately
in the unit, substantially changes the unit. We shall
therefore remand this proceeding. to the Regional
Director for further appropriate action consistent
with this decision.
ORDER
The proceeding is remanded to the Regional Di-
rector.