No. 14-05-01150-CR
Opinion filed November 28, 2006. DO NOT PUBLISH.
On Appeal from the 268th District Court, Fort Bend County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 41,443A.
Panel consists of Chief Justice HEDGES and Justices YATES and AMIDEI.
Senior Justice (Retired) Maurice E. Amidei sitting by assignment.
MAURICE E. AMIDEI, Justice.
A jury found appellant, Thomas Earl Young, guilty of burglary of a building. Appellant was sentenced to eight years' confinement after the jury found that two prior felony convictions alleged in the indictment for enhancement purposes were true. In his sole issue, appellant contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the verdict. Because all dispositive issues are clearly settled in law, we issue this memorandum opinion and affirm. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
I. BACKGROUND
On December 12, 2004 at 3:10 a.m., police officers in Sugarland, Texas responded to a glass-break alarm at a Radio Shack store. On the way to the store, Officer Rudy Garza observed a white van make an illegal U-turn near the store. Officer Garza became suspicious of the van and stopped it for the traffic violation. He noticed that the van had three occupants and called for back-up to ensure his safety. After stopping, the driver and one of the passengers exited the van. Officer Garza repeatedly told them to get back in and remain in the van. Once they were back in the van, Officer Garza saw one of the passengers in the van making "irate movements . . . like he was yapping at the other passengers and the driver." The van then suddenly drove off. Officer Garza followed the van. During the chase, the van entered the freeway reaching a speed up to 90 miles an hour. After exiting the freeway, the van ran a red light. Eventually, the van stopped at an area with apartments on both sides of the road. The driver and one passenger fled on foot. Officer Garza chased the passenger on foot and arrested him. Officer Richard Rivera, who had joined the chase, followed the driver on foot, but did not catch him. Meanwhile, as the driver and the one passenger were fleeing on foot, the other passenger, later identified as appellant, moved to the driver's seat and drove away. Officer Clifton Dubose, who had also joined the chase, followed the van through the apartment complex in a police car. During the chase, the van drove through the closed exit gate, knocking it down. The van then turned into a neighboring apartment complex. However, because the van was traveling too fast to make the turn, it crashed into some parked cars. Appellant exited the van and fled on foot around the side of the apartment complex. Officer Dubose chased appellant on foot. During the chase, appellant climbed an eight-foot fence. Officer Dubose caught and arrested appellant on the other side of the fence. At approximately 3:45 a.m., Officer Mary Herbrig investigated the van at the location where it had crashed. Behind the passenger and driver seats, she found a Sony home theater, an RCA dish satellite receiver, a Gold Star VHS player, a Radio Shack flat screen monitor, a DVD home theater system, a Photosmart Hewlett-Packard system, a Sony speaker system, an Onkyo stereo receiver, a Sony compact disc receiver, a Sony stereo system, a Compaq keyboard optical with a mouse, a Curtis compact component system, a Philips television, a Magnavox flat screen television, a set of Sony speakers, a radio controlled car, and a single Sony speaker. In addition, she found five latex gloves inside the van. At the Radio Shack, she found two large rocks near the broken windows. Shortly after the burglary, Beverly Smith, the Radio Shack manager, made a list of missing items for the officer's report. It was later determined that the missing items matched the items found in the van. II. DISCUSSION
In his sole issue, appellant contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury's verdict. In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); Ross v. State, 133 S.W.3d 618, 620 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). A person commits the offense of burglary if, without the effective consent of the owner, the person enters a building with intent to commit a theft. See TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 30.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2003). Appellant asserts the evidence is legally insufficient to prove that he burglarized Radio Shack because all the evidence was circumstantial. Specifically, appellant argues that the State offered only circumstantial evidence to prove appellant's participation in the burglary under the law of parties. However, circumstantial evidence may be sufficient to support a conviction. See Kutzner v. State, 994 S.W.2d 180, 184 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999); see also Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001) (explaining that a conclusion of guilt may rest on the cumulative strength of all incriminating circumstances). For the purposes of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, circumstantial and direct evidence are equally probative. See Roberson v. State, 16 S.W.3d 156, 167 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, pet. ref'd) (citing McGee v. State, 774 S.W.2d 229, 238 (Tex.Crim.App. 1989)). In particular, a burglary can be proven by either direct or circumstantial evidence. Morgan v. State, 503 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex.Crim.App. 1974). Moreover, in a circumstantial evidence case, it is unnecessary for every fact to point directly and independently to the guilt of the accused; rather, it is enough if the finding of guilt is warranted by the cumulative force of all the incriminating evidence. Johnson v. State, 872 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993). We apply the same legal-sufficiency standard of review to cases involving direct or circumstantial evidence. Kutzner, 994 S.W.2d at 184. The law of parties allows a person to be held criminally responsible as a party to an offense if it is committed by his own conduct or by the conduct of another for whom he is criminally responsible or by both. TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 7.01(a) (Vernon 2003). Criminal responsibility for the conduct of another is defined as "acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 7.02(a)(2) (Vernon 2003). Circumstantial evidence alone may be used to prove that a person is a party to an offense. Powell v. State, 194 S.W.3d 503, 506 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006) (citing Beardsley v. State, 738 S.W.2d 681, 684 (Tex.Crim.App. 1987)). Under the law of parties, evidence is sufficient where the actor is physically present at the commission of the offense, and encourages the commission of the offense by either words or agreement. Burdine v. State, 719 S.W.2d 309, 315 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986). The evidence must show that at the time of the offense, the parties were acting together, each contributing some part toward the execution of the common purpose. Id. To determine whether the accused participated as a party, the court may look to events occurring before, during and after the commission of the offense, and may rely on actions of the accused which show an understanding and common design to do the prohibited act. Id.; Cordova v. State, 698 S.W.2d 107, 111 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985). In this case, the events after the commission of the offense and the actions of the appellant show an understanding and common design to commit the burglary. First, appellant was an occupant of a van containing stolen property near the Radio Shack shortly after the burglary. Presence at the crime scene is a circumstance "tending to prove guilt, which, combined with other facts, may suffice to show that the accused was a participant." Beardsley, 738 S.W.2d at 685; Valdez v. State, 623 S.W.2d 317, 321 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981). Further, appellant fled from the police in the van while the other two occupants fled on foot. Then after he crashed the van, he continued to flee on foot. He led the police on a vigorous, prolonged chase during his flight by van and on foot. While evidence of flight from a crime scene alone is not enough to support a guilty verdict, it is a circumstance from which an inference of guilt may be drawn. Valdez, 623 S.W.2d at 321. Moreover, an inference of a defendant's guilt of a burglary sufficient to sustain a conviction may arise from the defendant's possession of property stolen or taken in a recent burglary. Rodriguez v. State, 549 S.W.2d 747, 749 (Tex.Crim.App. 1977). However, before the inference may be invoked, such possession must be personal, recent, unexplained, and involve a distinct and conscious assertion of right to the property by the defendant. Id. Here, all of these " Rodriguez factors" were satisfied. Appellant asserts that the State did not offer evidence proving appellant had personal possession of the stolen property. Appellant contends that the Radio Shack items found in the van do not establish personal possession of the stolen property because the two other men also had access to the van. He argues that the van constituted a location where others had "equal right and facility of access." Appellant relies on England v. State, 727 S.W.2d 810, 811 (Tex.App.-Austin 1987, no pet.), in which the court of appeals held that stolen property found in an apartment attic did not establish the defendant's personal possession because there was unrebutted testimony that other persons besides the defendant had access to the attic. Here, at one point, all three occupants did have access to the van. However, part way through the police chase, appellant chose to drive away in the van by himself with many large items of stolen property behind the driver and passenger seats. Therefore, the evidence reflects that appellant knew that the stolen property was in the van, and he asserted personal possession of the stolen property. See Crain v. State, 1998 WL 418846, at *5 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.) (holding that stolen tools and equipment found in trunk of car were in defendant's personal possession although car belonged to his wife because he drove it without her knowledge and was the sole occupant when property was discovered, and he claimed he had purchased the property when there was evidence that he had pawned a portion of it); Marbles v. State, 874 S.W.2d 225, 228 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, no pet.) (holding defendant's possession of stolen camcorder was personal because it was found in the trunk of car he owned and he did not want the car released to anyone else following his arrest). Similarly, because appellant drove away by himself in the van containing the stolen property and fled from the police, he made a distinct and conscious assertion of the right to the property. See Todd v. State, 601 S.W.2d 718, 720 (Tex.Crim.App. [Panel Op.] 1980) (holding that defendant towing a stolen welder behind his pickup truck showed a conscious assertion of right to the property); Marbles, 874 S.W.2d at 228 (holding appellant made a conscious assertion of right to the camcorder because it was in the trunk of his car and he did not want his car released to anyone). In addition, appellant's possession of the stolen property was recent because he became the sole occupant of the van within an hour after the glass break alarm at Radio Shack. See Marbles, 874 S.W.2d at 227 (upholding finding that possession of camcorder two and one-half months after it was stolen was recent). Moreover, appellant failed to explain his possession of the property when he was apprehended and the property was found in the van. See Chavez v. State, 843 S.W.2d 586, 588 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992) (explaining that the "unexplained possession" rule is based on the belief those who steal property keep it for some time and those who acquire property honestly during such an interval are typically willing to explain how they obtained it). In sum, the Rodriguez requirements were satisfied, allowing an inference of appellant's guilt of burglary, arising from his personal, recent, unexplained, and conscious assertion of the right to the property. See Rodriguez, 549 S.W.2d at 749. Finally, appellant argues that the State never proved that appellant actually entered the building. However, under the law of parties, a person may be guilty of burglary of a building even though he does not personally enter the burglarized premises if he is acting together with another in the commission of the offense. Powell v. State, 194 S.W.3d 503, 506-07 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006) (citing Clark v. State, 543 S.W.2d 125, 127 (Tex.Crim.App. 1976)). In reviewing the record in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational jury could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant was guilty of a burglary of a building at least as a party, if not as a principal. Accordingly, the evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict. We overrule appellant's sole issue. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. C Tex.R.App.P. 47.2(b).