Summary
In Young, the Court held that it was permissible for a New Jersey court to apply New York law and hold a New Jersey car owner liable, for an accident involving his car in New York while another individual was using it.
Summary of this case from Bensmiller v. E.I. Dupont de Nemours & Co.Opinion
No. 643.
Argued March 24, 1933. Decided April 24, 1933.
A state statute making the owner of an automobile liable for personal injuries resulting from its negligent operation by another to whom he has entrusted it, is consistent with due process as applied to a non-resident owner who was not in that State when the accident occurred and who had merely lent his machine to one not his agent or engaged on business for him, with express or implied permission to take it there from the State of the owner's residence, where the bailment occurred and whose laws did not impose such liability. P. 256. 109 N.J.L. 453, affirmed.
Mr. Daniel Thew Wright, with whom Messrs. R. Robinson Chance and Philip Ershler were on the brief, for appellant.
The law of New Jersey at once attached to the contract of bailment and protected Young from liability for the bailee's negligence. The drawing of the New York statute over the state line after the contract was made impaired the contract. Whether this was done by New York officials or New Jersey officials or a combination of both, is immaterial. Neither a single State, nor any combination of States, can wipe out a constitutional right.
Young was not chargeable with knowledge of the New York law because he was never within the jurisdiction of New York. Even in the court in New Jersey the law of New York had to be proved by the introduction of evidence. The loan of the automobile was a valid contract of bailment under which Young was protected from liability for the negligence of Balbino by the law of the State where the contract of bailment was made. Gavin v. Cohen, 163 A. 330; New York, L.E. W.R. Co. v. N.J. Electric R. Co., 60 N.J.L. 338; Doran v. Thompson, 76 N.J.L. 754; Maurer v. Brown, 106 N.J.L. 284, 285.
That the laws of a State or sovereignty have no extraterritorial operation is axiomatic. Sanford v. McDonald, 248 U.S. 185, 195; American Banana Co. v. United Fruit Co., 213 U.S. 347-357; Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714.
It is quite true that the courts of one State will enforce a transitory cause of action arising in another State; but this is enforcing an existing personal right arising out of the lex loci; it is not giving extraterritorial operation to a law, by applying it so as to create a cause of action in another State. The question of the power to extend the operation of a state statute beyond the territorial limits of the State is directly met and disposed of in New York Life Ins. Co. v. Head, 234 U.S. 160.
Actions in tort are in their nature transitory; in transitory actions liability may be enforced wherever the person against whom liability exists can be found; but comity can never impose liability upon one against whom by the law of his situs no liability exists.
The application of the New York statute to Young in New Jersey deprives him of liberty to make in New Jersey, the State of his domicile, and to enjoy, a contract of bailment which is protected by the law of that State, and under which contract the lex loci contractus protects him from liability for the negligence of the bailee. Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 165 U.S. 589; Adair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161; Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U.S. 1, 14; Twin City Pipe Line Co. v. Harding Glass Co., 283 U.S. 353; Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 399; Wolff Packing Co. v. Industrial Court, 262 U.S. 522.
The extraterritorial operation given to the statute also takes Young's property without due process of law in violation of the Amendment under the reasoning in New York Life Ins. Co. v. Head, 234 U.S. 160. Owing to the fact that New York can not give its statute any extraterritorial operation, that statute, as applied in this case, amounts to an imposition of liability which the State was without power to impose. Frick v. Pennsylvania, 268 U.S. 473.
The State of New Jersey, through its courts, in this case, denied appellant Young the equal protection of the law of New Jersey guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.
Mr. Samuel Kaufman for appellee.
A New York statute provides: "Every owner of a motor vehicle or motor cycle operated upon a public highway shall be liable and responsible for death or injuries to person or property resulting from negligence in the operation of such motor vehicle or motor cycle, in the business of such owner or otherwise, by any person legally using or operating the same with the permission, express or implied, of such owner." Laws N.Y. 1929, Vol. 1, p. 82; Vehicle and Traffic Law, § 59.
Masci, a citizen and resident of New York, brought this action in a court of New Jersey against Young, a citizen and resident of the latter State, to enforce liability under the above statute. The case was tried before a jury. It appeared that Young lent his automobile to Michael Balbino for a day without restriction upon its use, the contract of bailment and delivery of the car being made in New Jersey; that Balbino took the car to New York; and that while driving there negligently he struck Masci. There was evidence to justify a finding that the car was taken to New York with Young's permission, express or implied. Young moved for a directed verdict on the ground that the bailment was made in New Jersey; that he was not in New York at the time of the accident; that Balbino was not his agent or engaged on business for him; and that to apply the law of New York and so make the defendant responsible for something done by Balbino in New York would deprive the defendant of his property and his liberty without due process of law, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The presiding judge declined to direct the verdict; ruled that if negligence was proved, the law of New York was controlling on the question of liability; and charged that the defendant was responsible if the operator "was driving this automobile at the time of the accident with the permission of the defendant, either express or implied." The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff; and the judgment entered thereon was affirmed by the highest court of that State. 109 N.J.L. 453; 162 A. 623.
Young appealed to this Court on the ground, among others, that the statute as applied violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. He does not challenge its constitutionality on the broad ground that an owner cannot be made liable for the driver's negligence unless the relation of master and servant exists. The contrary had been held in New York in respect to this statute. Downing v. New York, 219 A.D. 444, 446; 220 N.Y.S. 76; affirmed, 245 N.Y. 597; 157 N.E. 873; Dawley v. McKibbin, 245 N.Y. 557; 157 N.E. 856. And in Van Oster v. Kansas, 272 U.S. 465, 467, where it was held that the due process clause does not prevent a State from forfeiting property of an innocent owner for the unauthorized act of one to whom he has entrusted it, the Court states that it is not "uncommon for the law to visit upon the owner of property the unpleasant consequences of the unauthorized action of one to whom he has entrusted it;" and refers to the legislation of New York "imposing liability on owners of vehicles for the negligent operation by those entrusted with their use, regardless of a master-servant relation." Compare Pizitz Co. v. Yeldell, 274 U.S. 112, 115-116. Statutes of like character have been sustained also by the highest courts of other States.
Levy v. Daniels' U-Drive Auto Renting Co., 108 Conn. 333; 143 A. 163; Seleine v. Wisner, 200 Iowa 1389; 206 N.W. 130; Stapleton v. Independent Brewing Co., 198 Mich. 170; 164 N.W. 520 (compare Hawkins v. Ermatinger, 211 Mich. 578; 179 N.W. 249); Kernan v. Webb, 50 R.I. 394; 148 A. 186. Statutes in South Carolina and Tennessee subject the vehicles to a lien for damages resulting from negligent operation under certain circumstances. See Ex parte Maryland Motor Car Ins. Co., 117 S.C. 100; 108 S.E. 260; Parker-Harris Co. v. Tate, 135 Tenn. 509; 188 S.W. 54. A California statute imposes in the case of negligent operation by a minor, liability upon the parent or guardian who has signed the minor's application for a license. See Buelke v. Levenstadt, 190 Cal. 684; 214 P. 42.
Nor does Young question the State's power to regulate the use of motor vehicles of non-residents on its highways. Compare Hendrick v. Maryland, 235 U.S. 610; Kane v. New Jersey, 242 U.S. 160. He challenges the statute only as applied to a non-resident owner who made the bailment outside the State of New York and who was not within it at the time of the accident.
The contention is that subjection of the owner to liability under the New York law deprives him of immunity from liability to third parties which he had acquired in New Jersey by virtue of the contract of bailment made there; and that thus the statute deprives him of his liberty to contract and his property without due process of law. If such a contract can be found in the case at bar, the statute does not purport to affect it. The statute neither forbids the making nor alters the terms of any contract. Compare Home Insurance Co. v. Dick, 281 U.S. 397. It does not purport to affect rights as between owner and bailee. Moreover, the contract of bailment could not have conferred upon the owner immunity from liability to third persons for the driver's negligence. Liability for a tort depends upon the law of the place of the injury; and (apart from the effect of the full faith and credit clause, which is not here involved) agreements made elsewhere cannot curtail the power of a State to impose responsibility for injuries within its borders. Compare Bradford Electric Light Co. v. Clapper, 286 U.S. 145, 154. Thus the essential question is the power of New York to make the absent owner liable personally for the injury inflicted within the State by his machine.
When Young gave permission to drive his car to New York, he subjected himself to the legal consequences imposed by that State upon Balbino's negligent driving as fully as if he had stood in the relation of master to servant. A person who sets in motion in one State the means by which injury is inflicted in another may, consistently with the due process clause, be made liable for that injury whether the means employed be a responsible agent or an irresponsible instrument. The cases are many in which a person acting outside the State may be held responsible according to the law of the State for injurious consequences within it. Thus, liability is commonly imposed under such circumstances for homicide, Commonwealth v. Macloon, 101 Mass. 1; for maintenance of a nuisance, State v. Lord, 16 N.H. 357, 359; for blasting operations, Cameron v. Vandergriff, 53 Ark. 381, 386; 13 S.W. 1092; and for negligent manufacture, MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co., 217 N.Y. 382; 111 N.E. 1050.
The power of the State to protect itself and its inhabitants is not limited by the scope of the doctrine of principal and agent. The inadequacy of that doctrine to cope with the menacing problem of practical responsibility for motor accidents has been widely felt in cases where the injurious consequences are the immediate result of an intervening negligent act of another. Some courts have held, in actions against the owner for injuries resulting from the driver's negligence, that a presumption of the employment relationship arises from the fact of ownership; or that, if the relationship is proved, a presumption arises that the accident occurred within the scope of the employment. Many courts have extended responsibility, without the aid of legislation, by imposing liability upon the owner for injuries resulting from the negligent operation of the car by a member of his family. In some States, including New York, the problem was left to the legislature. See Van Blaricom v. Dodgson, 220 N.Y. 111, 117; 115 N.E. 443. Its statute makes mere permission to use the car the basis of liability in case of negligent injury. We have no occasion to decide where the line is to be drawn generally between conduct which may validly subject an absent party to the laws of a State and that which may not. No good reason is suggested why, where there is permission to take the automobile into a State for use upon its highways, personal liability should not be imposed upon the owner in case of injury inflicted there by the driver's negligence, regardless of the fact that the owner is a citizen and resident of another State. Compare Thomas v. Matthiessen, 232 U.S. 221, 234-235.
Louis v. Johnson, 146 Md. 115, 118; 125 A. 895; Tischler v. Steinholtz, 99 N.J.L. 149, 152; 122 A. 880; West v. Kern, 88 Or. 247; 171 P. 413, 1050; Griffin v. Smith, 132 Wn. 624; 232 P. 929; compare Freeman v. Dalton, 183 N.C. 538; 111 S.E. 863.
Benn v. Forrest, 213 F. 763; Foundation Co. v. Henderson, 264 F. 483; Penticost v. Massey, 201 Ala. 261; 77 So. 675; Wood v. Indianapolis Abattoir Co., 178 Ky. 188; 198 S.W. 732.
Hutchins v. Haffner, 63 Colo. 365; 167 P. 966; Stickney v. Epstein, 100 Conn. 170; 123 A. 1; Griffin v. Russell, 144 Ga. 275; 87 S.E. 10; Steele v. Age's Administratrix, 233 Ky. 714; 26 S.W.2d 563; Plasch v. Fass, 144 Minn. 44; 174 N.W. 438; Linch v. Dobson, Page 260 108 Neb. 632; 184 N.W. 227; Boes v. Howell, 24 N.Mex. 142; 173 P. 966; Grier v. Woodside, 200 N.C. 759; 158 S.E. 491; Ulman v. Lindeman, 44 N.D. 36; 176 N.W. 25; Davis v. Littlefield, 97 S.C. 171; 81 S.E. 487; Birch v. Abercrombie, 74 Wn. 486; 133 P. 1020; Jones v. Cook, 90 W. Va. 710; 111 S.E. 828.
Compare the liability for harm done by a "dangerous instrumentality" entrusted by the defendant to an employee but not used, at the time of the injury, in the course of the employment. Barmore v. Railway Co., 85 Miss. 426, 448; 38 So. 210; Stewart v. Cary Lumber Co., 146 N.C. 47; 59 S.E. 545; Railway Co. v. Shields, 47 Ohio St. 387, 392; 24 N.E. 658. Compare also the liability of a contractee for harm caused by an independent contractor in the performance of work "inherently dangerous." Norwalk Gaslight Co. v. Norwalk, 63 Conn. 495; 28 A. 32; Joliet v. Harwood, 86 Ill. 110; Bonaparte v. Wiseman, 89 Md. 12, 21-22; 42 A. 918.
Compare the scope of the jurisdiction of the courts of a State over nonresidents in actions based on the operation of motor vehicles within the State. Hess v. Pawloski, 274 U.S. 352; Kane v. New Jersey, 242 U.S. 160.
The claim is made that the statute as applied violates the equality clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because in New Jersey, under a contract of bailment made within the State, other citizens are protected from liability for the negligence of the bailee. Obviously there is no denial of equal protection, since all who permit their cars to be driven in New York are treated alike. A claim is also made that the statute as applied violates the contract clause of the Federal Constitution, because it impairs the obligation of the contract of bailment made in New Jersey. As it does not appear that any claim under the contract clause was made below, we need not consider the answers to this contention.
Affirmed.