Opinion
No. 12-73079
07-28-2015
HO SANG YIM, Petitioner, v. LORETTA E. LYNCH, Attorney General, Respondent.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
Agency No. A037-993-102 MEMORANDUM On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals Argued and Submitted July 9, 2015 Pasadena, California Before: W. FLETCHER, PAEZ, and BERZON, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3. --------
Ho Sang Yim pled nolo contendere to a charge of perjury under California Penal Code section 118(a). He was sentenced to three years in state prison. The BIA affirmed the IJ's decision that Yim was removable under INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), because he had been convicted of an aggravated felony, which includes "an offense relating to . . . perjury . . . for which the term of imprisonment is at least one year. . . ." INA § 101(a)(43)(S), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(S). Because the BIA did not perform the analysis "which we use to determine generic crimes for the purposes of categorical analysis of prior convictions," United States v. Garcia-Santana, 774 F.3d 528, 543 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990), and "its progeny"), we remand to the BIA for a proper Taylor analysis.
To determine whether a specific crime is an aggravated felony, we apply the categorical approach. Rendon v. Holder, 764 F.3d 1077, 1082 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Taylor, 495 U.S. 575). Under this approach, we compare the statutory definition of a petitioner's prior offense to a federal "generic crime." Id. at 1082-83. Generally, we must defer to the BIA where, as here, it defined a generic crime that the INA itself did not define. See, e.g., Parrilla v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 1038, 1041-42 (9th Cir. 2005). However, the BIA is not entitled to deference where the BIA "ignores . . . the mode of analysis derived from Taylor and its progeny . . . to determine generic crimes." Garcia-Santana, 774 F.3d at 543.
To arrive at the generic definition, the BIA must look to "contemporary usage" by "survey[ing] the definitions codified in state and federal statutes, adopted by the Model Penal Code . . . , and endorsed by scholarly commentary" to find the generic crime. Id. at 534 (holding that a Nevada conspiracy statute was broader than the generic definition of conspiracy, and therefore not an aggravated felony under the INA).
Here, the IJ and the BIA relied on In re Martinez-Recinos, 23 I. & N. Dec. 175, 177 (BIA 2001), for the proposition that California Penal Code section 118(a) may constitute an aggravated felony. In that case, the BIA "examine[d] the California statute" of conviction at issue "and the federal statute defining perjury." Id. The BIA determined that section 118(a) is an aggravated felony because, it concluded, section 118(a) and 18 U.S.C. § 1621, the federal perjury statute, were "essentially the same." Id. Importantly, in deciding that § 1621 provided the "generic" definition of perjury, the BIA performed no survey to determine the "contemporary usage." Id.; see Garcia-Santana, 774 F.3d at 534. Nor did it consider its prior decision in Matter of H—, 1 I. & N. Dec. 669, 670 (BIA 1943), which looked to the common-law definition of perjury to define the generic crime. It simply adopted the federal definition, without any additional analysis. Martinez-Recinos, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 177. Under Garcia-Santana, this conclusory statement does not warrant our deference.
We grant the petition for review and remand to the BIA to determine the generic definition of perjury in accordance with the principles discussed above.
GRANTED and REMANDED.