Summary
In Yania, the decedent, in full possession of his mental faculties, was asked by the defendant to help him in starting a pump.
Summary of this case from Senese v. PeoplesOpinion
October 7, 1959.
November 9, 1959.
Negligence — Possessors of land — Conditions — Business visitors — Water-filled cut — Drowning — Restatement, Torts — Duty to rescue imperiled person.
1. In this action of trespass for wrongful death, in which it appeared that defendant was in possession of land on which there was a water-filled cut; that the 33 year old decedent in full possession of his mental faculties came upon the land and was asked by defendant to aid him in starting the pump to remove the water and while decedent stood at the top of the water-filled cut he deliberately jumped into the water and was drowned; and the complaint charged defendant with negligence consisting of (1) urging, enticing, taunting and inveigling decedent to jump into the water; (2) failing to warn decedent of a dangerous condition on the land, i.e., the cut wherein lay 8 to 10 feet of water; and (3) failing to go to decedent's rescue after he had jumped into the water, it was Held that the complaint did not state a cause of action and that the court below had properly sustained preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer. [317-23]
2. A possessor of land is subject to liability for bodily harm caused to business visitors by a natural or artificial condition thereon if, but only if, he (a) knows, or by the exercise of reasonable care could discover, the condition which, if known to him, he should realize as involving an unreasonable risk to them, and (b) has no reason to believe that they will discover the condition or realize the risk involved therein, and (c) invites or permits them to enter or remain upon the land without exercising reasonable care (i) to make the condition reasonably safe, or (ii) to give a warning adequate to enable them to avoid the harm without relinquishing any of the services which they are entitled to receive, if the possessor is a public utility: Restatement, Torts, § 343. [321]
3. Restatement, Torts, § 332, cited. [321]
4. A possessor of land is under no legal duty to go to the rescue of a person who has voluntarily placed himself in a position of peril in water on the land. [322]
5. Restatement, Torts, §§ 314 and 322, cited. [322]
Practice — Preliminary objections — Demurrer — Well pleaded facts.
6. In considering a preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer to a pleading, every material and relevant fact well pleaded and every inference fairly deducible therefrom must be taken as true. [318]
Before JONES, C. J., BELL, JONES, COHEN, BOK and McBRIDE, JJ.
Appeal, No. 183, March T., 1959, from order of Court of Common Pleas of Somerset County, No. 1101 Continuance Docket 1958, in case of Anna Yania, administratrix of the estate of Joseph Yania, deceased et al. v. John E. Bigan. Order affirmed.
Trespass for wrongful death and survival action.
Defendant's preliminary objections sustained and complaint dismissed, order by LANSBERRY, P. J. Plaintiff appealed.
Archibald M. Matthews, for appellant.
Taylor B. Coffroth, for appellee.
A bizarre and most unusual circumstance provides the background of this appeal.
On September 25, 1957 John E. Bigan was engaged in a coal strip-mining operation in Shade Township, Somerset County. On the property being stripped were large cuts or trenches created by Bigan when he removed the earthen overburden for the purpose of removing the coal underneath. One cut contained water 8 to 10 feet in depth with side walls or embankments 16 to 18 feet in height; at this cut Bigan had installed a pump to remove the water.
At approximately 4 p.m. on that date, Joseph F. Yania, the operator of another coal strip-mining operation, and one Boyd M. Ross went upon Bigan's property for the purpose of discussing a business matter with Bigan, and, while there, were asked by Bigan to aid him in starting the pump. Ross and Bigan entered the cut and stood at the point where the pump was located. Yania stood at the top of one of the cut's side walls and then jumped from the side wall — a height of 16 to 18 feet — into the water and was drowned.
Yania's widow, in her own right and on behalf of her three children, instituted wrongful death and survival actions against Bigan contending Bigan was responsible for Yania's death. Preliminary objections, in the nature of demurrers, to the complaint were filed on behalf of Bigan. The court below sustained the preliminary objections; from the entry of that order this appeal was taken.
Since Bigan has chosen to file preliminary objections, in the nature of demurrers, every material and relevant fact well pleaded in the complaint and every inference fairly deducible therefrom are to be taken as true: Commonwealth v. Musser Forests, Inc., 394 Pa. 205, 209, 146 A.2d 714; Byers v. Ward, 368 Pa. 416, 420, 84 A.2d 307.
The complaint avers negligence in the following manner: (1) "The death by drowning of . . . [Yania] was caused entirely by the acts of [Bigan] . . . in urging, enticing taunting and inveigling [Yania] to jump into the water, which [Bigan] knew or ought to have known was of a depth of 8 to 10 feet and dangerous to the life of anyone who would jump therein" (Emphasis supplied); (2). . . . [Bigan] violated his obligations to a business invitee in not having his premises reasonably safe, and not warning his business invitee of a dangerous condition and to the contrary urged, induced and inveigled [Yania] into a dangerous position and a dangerous act, whereby [Yania] came to his death"; (3) "After [Yania] was in the water, a highly dangerous position, having been induced and inveigled therein by [Bigan], [Bigan] failed and neglected to take reasonable steps and action to protect or assist [Yania], or extradite [Yania] from the dangerous position in which [Bigan] had placed him". Summarized, Bigan stands charged with three-fold negligence: (1) by urging, enticing, taunting and inveigling Yania to jump into the water; (2) by failing to warn Yania of a dangerous condition on the land, i.e., the cut wherein lay 8 to 10 feet of water; (3) by failing to go to Yania's rescue after he had jumped into the water.
So far as the record is concerned we must treat the 33 year old Yania as in full possession of his mental faculties at the time he jumped.
The Wrongful Death Act (Act of April 15, 1851, P. L. 669, § 19, 12 Pa.C.S.A. § 1601) and the Survival Act (Act of April 18, 1949, P. L. 512, art. VI, § 603, 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 320.603) ". . . really confer no more than rights to recover damages growing out of a single cause of action, namely, the negligence of the defendant, which caused the damages suffered." (Emphasis supplied): Fisher v. Hill, 368 Pa. 53, 58, 81 A.2d 860. While the law presumes that Yania was not negligent, such presumption affords no basis for an inference that Bigan was negligent ( Wenhold v. O'Dea, 338 Pa. 33, 35, 12 A.2d 115). Our inquiry must be to ascertain whether the well-pleaded facts in the complaint, assumedly true, would, if shown, suffice to prove negligent conduct on the part of Bigan.
Appellant initially contends that Yania's descent from the high embankment into the water and the resulting death were caused "entirely" by the spoken words and blandishments of Bigan delivered at a distance from Yania. The complaint does not allege that Yania slipped or that he was pushed or that Bigan made any physical impact upon Yania. On the contrary, the only inference deducible from the facts alleged in the complaint is that Bigan, by the employment of cajolery and inveiglement, caused such a mental impact on Yania that the latter was deprived of his volition and freedom of choice and placed under a compulsion to jump into the water. Had Yania been a child of tender years or a person mentally deficient then it is conceivable that taunting and enticement could constitute actionable negligence if it resulted in harm. However to contend that such conduct directed to an adult in full possession of all his mental faculties constitutes actionable negligence is not only without precedent but completely without merit. McGrew v. Stone, 53 Pa. 436, Rugart v. Keebler-Weyl Baking Co., 277 Pa. 408, 121 A. 198, and Bisson v. John B. Kelly, Inc., 314 Pa. 99, 170 A. 139, relied upon by appellant, are clearly inapposite.
Appellant next urges that Bigan, as the possessor of the land, violated a duty owed to Yania in that his land contained a dangerous condition, i.e., the water-filled cut or trench, and he failed to warn Yania of such condition. Yania was a business visitor in that he entered upon the land for a common business purpose for the mutual benefit of Bigan and himself (Restatements, Torts, § 332; Parsons et vir. v. Drake et al., 347 Pa. 247, 250, 32 A.2d 27). As possessor of the land, Bigan would become subject to liability to Yania for any physical harm caused by any artificial or natural condition upon the land (1) if, but only if, Bigan knew or could have discovered the condition which, if known to him he should have realized involved an unreasonable risk of harm to Yania, (2) if Bigan had no reason to believe Yania would discover the condition or realize the risk of harm and (3) if he invited or permitted Yania to enter upon the land without exercising reasonable care to make the condition reasonably safe or give adequate warning to enable him to avoid the harm. Schon, Admx. v. Scranton-Springbrook Water Service Co., 381 Pa. 148, 152, 112 A.2d 89, and cases therein cited; Engle v. Reider, 366 Pa. 411, 77 A.2d 621; Johnson v. Rulon, 363 Pa. 585, 70 A.2d 325. The inapplicability of this rule of liability to the instant facts is readily apparent.
The only condition on Bigan's land which could possibly have contributed in any manner to Yania's death was the water-filled cut with its high embankment. Of this condition there was neither concealment nor failure to warn, but, on the contrary, the complaint specifically avers that Bigan not only requested Yania and Boyd to assist him in starting the pump to remove the water from the cut but "led" them to the cut itself. If this cut possessed any potentiality of danger, such a condition was as obvious and apparent to Yania as to Bigan, both coal strip-mine operators. Under the circumstances herein depicted Bigan could not be held liable in this respect.
Lastly, it is urged that Bigan failed to take the necessary steps to rescue Yania from the water. The mere fact that Bigan saw Yania in a position of peril in the water imposed upon him no legal, although a moral, obligation or duty to go to his rescue unless Bigan was legally responsible, in whole or in part, for placing Yania in the perilous position: Restatement, Torts, § 314. Cf: Restatement, Torts, § 322. The language of this Court in Brown v. French, 104 Pa. 604, 607, 608, is apt: "If it appeared that the deceased, by his own carelessness, contributed in any degree to the accident which caused the loss of his life, the defendants ought not to have been held to answer for the consequences resulting from that accident. . . . He voluntarily placed himself in the way of danger, and his death was the result of his own act. . . . That his undertaking was an exceedingly reckless and dangerous one, the event proves, but there was no one to blame for it but himself. He had the right to try the experiment, obviously dangerous as it was, but then also upon him rested the consequences of that experiment, and upon no one else; he may have been, and probably was, ignorant of the risk which he was taking upon himself, or knowing it, and trusting to his own skill, he may have regarded it as easily superable. But in either case, the result of his ignorance, or of his mistake, must rest with himself — and cannot be charged to the defendants". The complaint does not aver any facts which impose upon Bigan legal responsibility for placing Yania in the dangerous position in the water and, absent such legal responsibility, the law imposes on Bigan no duty of rescue.
Recognizing that the deceased Yania is entitled to the benefit of the presumption that he was exercising due care and extending to appellant the benefit of every well pleaded fact in this complaint and the fair inferences arising therefrom, yet we can reach but one conclusion: that Yania, a reasonable and prudent adult in full possession of all his mental faculties, undertook to perform an act which he knew or should have known was attended with more or less peril and it was the performance of that act and not any conduct upon Bigan's part which caused his unfortunate death.
Order affirmed.