Summary
In Wright v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 754, 685 S.E.2d 655 (2009), Wright was convicted of possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute and possession of a firearm while in possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute.
Summary of this case from Wright v. CommonwealthOpinion
Record No. 090308.
November 5, 2009.
Present: Keenan, Koontz Kinser, Lemons, Goodwyn, and Millette, JJ., and Lacy, S.J.
Defendant was arrested for distributing cocaine from his vehicle. Search incident to arrest yielded small bags that contained a total of five grams of cocaine. In later interrogation defendant admitted that he had another bag of cocaine in his shoe, which the police retrieved. Defendant then told police that his gun was near the rail of his bed in his bedroom at home, that a scale was in a dresser drawer, and that about 125 grams of crack cocaine was in the room. A search of those premises, assisted by the defendant, produced the gun, the scale, and approximately 117 grams of cocaine in a pocket of his clothing hanging in a closet. Some plastic bags "with corners missing" and ammunition were also found in the room. Defendant was indicted for one count of possession of a controlled substance with the intent to distribute, a violation of Code § 18.2-248, and one count of possession of a firearm while in possession of a controlled substance with the intent to distribute, a violation of Code § 18.2-308.4(C). At trial a police officer testified as an expert that the amount of cocaine found on defendant's person was inconsistent with personal use and all of the circumstances and evidence combined was inconsistent with personal use. The trial court convicted the defendant and the Court of Appeals affirmed his firearm-related conviction. This appeal followed.
1. Two subsections of Code § 18.2-308.4 make it unlawful for any person unlawfully in possession of a controlled substance to simultaneously with knowledge and intent possess any firearm. Subsection (C) makes it unlawful for any person to possess, use, or attempt to use any pistol, shotgun, rifle, or other firearm or display such weapon in a threatening manner while committing or attempting to commit the illegal manufacture, sale, distribution, or the possession with the intent to manufacture, sell, or distribute a controlled substance.
2. Statutory interpretation is a question of law reviewed de novo on appeal. The legislative intent is determined from the words used in the statute, applying the plain meaning of the words unless they are ambiguous or would lead to an absurd result.
3. Nothing in Code § 18.2-308.4 supports the construction advanced by defendant. There can be no dispute that the purpose of the legislation was to establish three categories of crimes relating to possession of controlled substances and firearms at the same time. Although the General Assembly chose to use the word "while" in Subsection (C) rather than "simultaneously" which it used in Subsections (A) and (B), there is no meaningful difference between the two words. "While" is defined as during the time that, and "simultaneous" is defined as existing or occurring at the same time. Thus, both have the temporal meaning of "at the same time."
4. Furthermore, it is well-settled that a conviction for unlawful possession of a firearm or controlled substance may be based solely on evidence of constructive possession.
5. When considering a violation of subsection (C) of Code § 18.2-308.4 based on constructive possession of a firearm, the well-established general rule is that to establish constructive possession of the firearm by the defendant the Common-wealth must present evidence of acts, statements, or conduct by the defendant or other facts and circumstances proving that the defendant was aware of the presence and character of the firearm and that the firearm was subject to his dominion and control.
6. In this case, at defendant's direction and in his presence, cocaine was also found in his bedroom along with the firearm. The indictment charging a violation of Code § 18.2-308.4(C) did not limit the charge to his possession of cocaine with intent to distribute while in his automobile on the street. Trial testimony established that both the cocaine recovered from him at the time of his initial arrest and "everything combined," which included the cocaine recovered at his home, the gun, the packaging material, and the scale, along with the absence of items to use cocaine, supported the conclusion that the cocaine was not for personal use. Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below, the evidence recovered at his house was sufficient to establish that he constructively possessed the firearm while constructively possessing cocaine with the intent to distribute.
7. It is not necessary to address the argument that the evidence was insufficient to establish a nexus between the possession of the firearm and the unlawful activity. Nothing in Code § 18.2-308.4(C) contains such a requirement. The terms "simultaneously" and "while" have a temporal meaning. Neither of these words nor any other language used in the statute carries with it the requirement that the firearm is in some way being used in conjunction with the unlawful drug activity or to further such activity.
8. The General Assembly has criminalized the possession of a firearm in conjunction with other circumstances without regard to whether the firearm is utilized for any purpose connected to such circumstances. In the absence of any statutory language supporting the requirement of a "nexus" between the possession of the firearm and the illegal activity, such a requirement cannot be imposed in prosecutions under Code § 18.2-308.4(C).
Appeal from a judgment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia.
Affirmed.
Joseph A. Sadighian, Senior Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Joshua M. Didlake, Assistant Attorney General (William C. Mims, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
In this appeal we consider whether a conviction under Code § 18.2-308.4(C) for possession of a firearm while possessing a controlled substance with the intent to distribute, requires proof of actual, simultaneous possession of the firearm and controlled substance, or if a conviction can be sustained by proving constructive possession of the firearm and drugs.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Detective G.B. Smith of the Portsmouth Police Department received a tip from a confidential informant that Lamont D. Wright was distributing cocaine from his black Beretta vehicle on Suburban Parkway in Portsmouth. Smith located and confronted Wright, told him about the informant's information and advised him of his Miranda rights. Because Smith had encountered Wright in possession of a firearm two days earlier, Smith asked Wright if he had the firearm. Wright told Smith that the firearm was at his house. In answer to Smith's questions, Wright denied that he had any cocaine. When Smith searched Wright, he found two small bags that contained a total of five grams of cocaine.
While transporting Wright to his office, Smith asked Wright to cooperate, told Wright that they would have to go back to his house and retrieve his gun, and asked Wright if he had any additional cocaine or a scale. Wright admitted that he had another bag of cocaine in his shoe, which the police retrieved. That bag contained approximately two grams of cocaine. Wright also told Smith that his gun was near the rail of his bed in his bedroom, that a scale was in a dresser drawer, and that about 125 grams of crack cocaine were in the room.
Smith took Wright to his house, which was approximately five miles from the location of the original stop. In Wright's room, police located the gun near the bed, the scales in a dresser drawer, and, at Wright's direction, approximately 117 grams of cocaine in a pocket of his clothing hanging in a closet. Some plastic bags "with corners missing" and ammunition were also found in the room.
Wright was indicted for one count of possession of a controlled substance with the intent to distribute, a violation of Code § 18.2-248, and one count of possession of a firearm while in possession of a controlled substance with the intent to distribute, a violation of Code § 18.2-308.4(C). At trial a police officer expert testified that the amount of cocaine found on Wright's person was inconsistent with personal use and that "everything combined" was inconsistent with personal use. The expert stated that the gun was something "that you normally find with people that are doing something other than using drugs." The trial court convicted Wright on both charges, sentenced Wright to five years for each charge, and suspended five years of the sentence.
In Wright's appeal to the Court of Appeals, he argued, as relevant here, that a conviction under Code § 18.2-308.4(C) requires the Commonwealth to prove actual, simultaneous possession of both the drugs and the firearm. The Court of Appeals rejected this argument, holding that constructive possession of either or both the drugs and the firearm was sufficient but that "the statute requires proof of a nexus between the firearm and the drugs that the defendant actually or constructively possesses." Wright v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 266, 282, 670 S.E.2d 772, 780 (2009). The Court of Appeals concluded that the evidence was sufficient to satisfy this standard and affirmed Wright's conviction. Id. at 282-87, 670 S.E.2d at 780-82. Wright timely appealed to this Court.
Wright's appeals to the Court of Appeals and this Court included a challenge to the constitutionality of the search of his person and house. Neither Court granted an appeal on this issue.
DISCUSSION
Wright argues here, as he did in the Court of Appeals, that Code § 18.2-308.4(C) requires actual, simultaneous possession of the firearm and the controlled substance with the intent to distribute. According to Wright, when he was stopped by Officer Smith and arrested for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, the firearm was not in his possession but miles away at his house and, there-fore, the trial court and Court of Appeals erred in basing his conviction on constructive possession of the firearm.
Code § 18.2-308.4 provides in relevant part:
A. It shall be unlawful for any person unlawfully in possession of a controlled substance classified in Schedule I or II of the Drug Control Act (§ 54.1-3400 et seq.) of Title 54.1 to simultaneously with knowledge and intent possess any firearm. . . .
B. It shall be unlawful for any person unlawfully in possession of a controlled substance classified in Schedule I or II of the Drug Control Act (§ 54.1-3400 et seq.) to simultaneously with knowledge and intent possess any firearm on or about his person. . . .
C. It shall be unlawful for any person to possess, use, or attempt to use any pistol, shotgun, rifle, or other firearm or display such weapon in a threatening manner while committing or attempting to commit the illegal manufacture, sale, distribution, or the possession with the intent to manufacture, sell, or distribute a controlled substance classified in Schedule I or Schedule II of the Drug Control Act (§ 54.1-3400 et seq.) of Title 54.1 or more than one pound of marijuana. . . .
(Emphasis added.)
Wright argues that the use of the word "while" in Subsection (C) rather than "simultaneously" which is used in Subsections (A) and (B) shows a legislative intent to treat the simple possession of drugs differently than possession with the intent to distribute. That difference, according to Wright, is to limit the use of constructive possession of a firearm to circumstances in which the defendant possesses the firearm and the drugs he intended to distribute at the same time and place.
[2-3] Statutory interpretation is a question of law which we review de novo, and we determine the legislative intent from the words used in the statute, applying the plain meaning of the words unless they are ambiguous or would lead to an absurd result. Washington v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 449, 455, 634 S.E.2d 310, 313-14 (2006). Nothing in Code § 18.2-308.4 suggests the construction advanced by Wright. There can be no dispute that the purpose of the legislation was to establish three categories of crimes relating to possession of controlled substances and firearms at the same time. Although the General Assembly chose to use the word "while" in Subsection (C) rather than "simultaneously" which it used in Subsections (A) and (B), there is no meaningful difference between the two words. "While" is defined as "during the time that," and "simultaneous" is defined as "existing or occurring at the same time." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 2604, 2122 (1993). Thus, both have the temporal meaning of "at the same time."
[4-5] Furthermore, a well-settled principle of our jurisprudence is that a conviction for unlawful possession of a firearm or controlled substance may be based solely on evidence of constructive possession. See, e.g., Rawls v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 334, 349-50, 634 S.E.2d 697, 705 (2006) (constructive possession of firearm); Walton v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 422, 426, 497 S.E.2d 869, 872 (1998) (constructive possession of drugs); Ritter v. Commonwealth, 210 Va. 732, 741, 173 S.E.2d 799, 805-06 (1970) (constructive possession of drugs). Nothing in Code § 18.2-308.4(C) alters or suggests an intent to alter this principle. Accordingly, in Bolden v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 144, 654 S.E.2d 584 (2008), when considering a violation of Subsection (C) of Code § 18.2-308.4 based on constructive possession of a firearm we recited the well-established general rule:
To establish constructive possession of the firearm by a defendant, "the Commonwealth must present evidence of acts, statements, or conduct by the defendant or other facts and circumstances proving that the defendant was aware of the presence and character of the firearm and that the firearm was subject to his dominion and control."
Id. at 148, 654 S.E.2d at 586 (quoting Rawls, 272 Va. at 349, 634 S.E.2d at 705).
Wright also argues that the trial court and the Court of Appeals erred in concluding that sufficient evidence was produced to show that he possessed the firearm while committing the offense of possession of cocaine with the intent to distribute or to show a nexus between the possession of the firearm and the criminal act. Wright's arguments are based primarily on his premise that the crime of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute occurred while he was in or at his car on Suburban Parkway and the police recovered some cocaine. However, at Wright's direction and in his presence, cocaine was also found in his bedroom along with the firearm. The indictment charging a violation of Code § 18.2-308.4(C) did not limit the charge to Wright's possession of cocaine with intent to distribute while in his automobile on Suburban Parkway. Trial testimony established that both the cocaine recovered from Wright at the time of his initial arrest and "everything combined," which included the cocaine recovered at Wright's home, the gun, the packaging material, and the scale, along with the absence of items to use cocaine, supported the conclusion that the cocaine was not for personal use. Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below, Riley v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 467, 482-83, 675 S.E.2d 168, 177 (2009), we conclude that the evidence recovered at Wright's house was sufficient to establish that Wright constructively possessed the firearm while constructively possessing cocaine with the intent to distribute.
Wright's challenge is limited to the issue of possession of the firearm. His conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute is not the subject of this appeal.
[7-8] Finally, we need not address Wright's arguments that the evidence was insufficient to establish a nexus between the possession of the firearm and the unlawful activity. The Court of Appeals held that "the statute requires proof of a nexus between the firearm and the drugs that the defendant actually or constructively possesses." Wright, 53 Va. App. at 282, 670 S.E.2d at 780. However, nothing in Code § 18.2-308.4(C) contains such a requirement. As stated above, the terms "simultaneously" and "while" have a temporal meaning. Neither of these words nor any other language used in the statute carries with it the requirement that the firearm is in some way being used in conjunction with the unlawful drug activity or to further such activity. The General Assembly has criminalized the possession of a firearm in conjunction with other circumstances without regard to whether the firearm is utilized for any purpose connected to such circumstances. See, e.g., Code § 18.2-308.1(B) (possession on school grounds); Code § 18.2-308.2 (possession by a felon); Code § 18.2-308.2:01 (possession by a non-citizen). In the absence of any statutory language supporting the requirement of a "nexus" between the possession of the firearm and the illegal activity, we cannot impose such a requirement in prosecutions under this Code section. Compare the very different language found in a federal provision, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (2006 Supp. I 2007) ("any person who, during and in relation to any . . . drug trafficking crime . . . in furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm" shall be sentenced to imprisonment in addition to the sentence for the drug trafficking crime) (emphasis added).
Although the record reflects that the Commonwealth apparently "conceded" that the statute contained a nexus requirement, the issue is a question of law which is not subject to a concession binding on this Court. Tuggle v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 99, 111 n. 5, 334 S.E.2d 838, 846 n. 5 (1985).
Accordingly, for the reasons expressed in this opinion, we will affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals.
Affirmed.