Opinion
22-16859
12-07-2023
ANGELA WILLIAMS; et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. STEVE SISOLAK, Governor of Nevada, in his official capacity; et al., Defendants-Appellees, and JAMAL RASHID; et al., Defendants, RUSSELL G. GREER, Intervenor-Defendant.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
Submitted December 5, 2023 San Francisco, California
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Andrew P. Gordon, District Judge, Presiding D.C. No. 2:21-cv-01676-APG-VCF
Before: S.R. THOMAS and BRESS, Circuit Judges, and EZRA, District Judge.
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
MEMORANDUM
Plaintiffs appeal the district court's dismissal of their federal and state law claims against Nevada state and local officials for abuse plaintiffs allegedly suffered in Nevada's commercial sex industry. The district court determined that plaintiffs lacked Article III standing to assert these claims against the government defendants. We review the district court's grant of a motion to dismiss and questions of Article III standing de novo. Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire &Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1030 (9th Cir. 2008); City & Cnty. of S.F. v. Garland, 42 F.4th 1078, 1084 (9th Cir. 2022). We review the denial of leave to amend for abuse of discretion. Garmon v. Cnty. of L.A., 828 F.3d 837, 842 (9th Cir. 2016). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.
To establish Article III standing, plaintiffs must allege" (i) that [they] suffered an injury in fact that is concrete, particularized, and actual or imminent; (ii) that the injury was likely caused by the defendant; and (iii) that the injury would likely be redressed by judicial relief." TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 141 S.Ct. 2190, 2203 (2021) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992)). The second element, traceability, is at issue here. To meet that requirement, plaintiffs must allege that their injuries are "fairly traceable" to the defendants' conduct and "not the result of the independent action of some third party not before the court." Namisnak v. Uber Techs., Inc., 971 F.3d 1088, 1094 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561). Although this does not require a showing of proximate cause, it does require plaintiffs to "establish a 'line of causation' between defendants' action and their alleged harm that is more than 'attenuated.'" Maya v. Centex Corp., 658 F.3d 1060, 1070 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 757 (1984)). Particularly relevant here, "[i]n cases where a chain of causation 'involves numerous third parties' whose 'independent decisions' collectively have a 'significant effect' on plaintiffs' injuries, the Supreme Court and this court have found the causal chain too weak to support standing at the pleading stage." Id.
The district court correctly concluded that plaintiffs lack Article III standing to sue the government defendants because plaintiffs' injuries are the result of allegedly illegal third-party conduct in Nevada's commercial sex industry. While the government defendants have various roles in regulating that industry, the injuries plaintiffs suffered were allegedly inflicted by the "independent action[s]" of third parties, Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560-namely, the traffickers, escort agencies, strip clubs, and brothels who were also named in their complaint. Plaintiffs' allegations are therefore insufficient to support traceability under Article III. See id. When plaintiffs raise claims based on government action or inaction, they must sufficiently allege that government defendants' actions "exert[] a 'determinative or coercive effect' on the third-party conduct that directly causes the[ir] injury." WildEarth Guardians v. United States Forest Serv., 70 F.4th 1212, 1217 (9th Cir. 2023) (quoting Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 169 (1997)). Plaintiffs' allegations do not meet that standard, especially when by the allegations of the complaint certain third parties engaged in conduct that violated federal and state laws against sex trafficking.
The record does not support plaintiffs' assertions that the district court failed to consider all their allegations. Nor did the district court abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend because amendment as to the government defendants would have been futile. See Bonin v. Calderon, 59 F.3d 815, 845 (9th Cir. 1995) ("Futility of amendment can, by itself, justify the denial of a motion for leave to amend.").
AFFIRMED.
The Honorable David A. Ezra, United States District Judge for the District of Hawaii, sitting by designation.