Summary
In Western Union Tel. Co. v. Priester, 276 U.S. 252, 257, 48 S.Ct. 234, 72 L.Ed. 555, the provision again contained these two clauses.
Summary of this case from Western Union Telegraph Co. v. NesterOpinion
Nos. 183 and 189.
Argued January 17, 1928. Decided February 20, 1928.
1. Where the supreme court of a State, in denying a petition for certiorari to an intermediate appellate court, on the face of the record did not pass upon the merits, the writ of certiorari from this court is properly directed to the intermediate court. P. 258. 2. A provision in the tariff filed by a telegraph company pursuant to the Interstate Commerce Act as amended June 15, 1910, fixing a lower rate for an unrepeated message and limiting the liability of the company for mistake in its transmission to the amount received for sending it, represents the entire liability of the company for a mistake of that kind. The liability being statutory, can not be enlarged by the courts upon the ground that the mistake was due to "gross" negligence. P. 258. 21 Ala. App. 587, reversed.
Mr. Francis R. Stark, with whom Mr. Ray Rushton was on the brief, for petitioner.
Mr. D.M. Powell for respondent.
There has been no independent expression of opinion by this Court in the case of Primrose v. Western Union, 154 U.S. 1, or in any other case, to the effect that there was any magic in the term "gross" negligence that would invalidate the message contract.
This Court has consistently refused to recognize that there was any legal distinction between the different degrees of negligence, and has apparently inclined to, if not definitely adopted, the view that gross negligence is nothing but negligence with the additional of a vituperative epithet. The degree of negligence is immaterial since the Act of 1910. Western Union v. Esteve Bros., 256 U.S. 566.
This case involves a simple error in an unrepeated message, and the applicable clause of the published tariffs is that which limited the company's liability to the amount received for sending the message. Western Union v. Czizek, 264 U.S. 281.
There was no evidence that the negligence was "gross," as distinguished from simple, if that question were at all material.
If it is said that the mere error in transmission makes a prima facie case of simple negligence, that may be granted; but it is not gross negligence unless all negligence is gross, and unless this Court erred in its carefully considered opinion in Postal Telegraph Co. v. Warren Godwin Lumber Co., 251 U.S. 27, and in its reversal, per curiam, of Western Union v. Southwick, 255 U.S. 565.
If the degree of negligence were at all material, it was fatal error to charge the jury that they might find the defendant liable if it failed to "Bestow the care and skill which the situation demanded" — i.e., if the defendant was guilty of nothing more than simple negligence.
In any event, the plaintiff could not possibly have been entitled to more than $50, the amount at which the message was valued. Western Union v. Czizek, 264 U.S. 281.
The rules of the telegraph company relieving it from liability beyond the cost of sending the unrepeated message do not apply where the company is guilty of wilful wrong or gross negligence. Primrose v. Western Union, 154 U.S. 1; Western Union v. Esteve Bros., 256 U.S. 569; Milwaukee R.R. Co. v. Arms, 91 U.S. 495; Preston v. Prather, 137 U.S. 608.
Gross negligence was not defined in the Primrose case, but we assume the Court must have had in mind the definition given in the Arms and Preston cases, supra. Be that as it may, the doctrine of gross negligence has been applied by both state and federal courts to cases where the facts were similar to the facts in this case. Ex parte Priester, 212 Ala. 273; Strong v. Western Union, 18 Idaho 389; Postal Telegraph Co. v. Nichols, 159 F. 647; White v. Western Union, 14 F. 710; Redington v. Pacific Postal Telegraph Co., 107 Cal. 317; 26 R.C.L., 552, 605.
The different rates, rules and regulations for sending messages as prescribed by the company were filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission and became effective with the federal statutes. Western Union v. Esteve Bros., 256 U.S. 569.
They were previously held to be reasonable by this Court in the case of Primrose v. Western Union, 154 U.S. 1, in the absence of wilful misconduct or gross negligence. The law declared in the Primrose case, is quoted with approval in Western Union v. Esteve Bros., supra. A fair interpretation of this decision, as well as the other decisions of the federal courts relied on by respondent, leads to the conclusion that the classification of rates and the limitations upon the telegraph company's liability which were filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission, were accepted by the Commission subject to the interpretation placed upon them in the Primrose case. Being so received, these rates and rules and regulations measured the liability of the telegraph company in all cases where there was an absence of willful misconduct or gross negligence, as declared in the Primrose case.
The mere filing of the rates with the Interstate Commerce Commission did not give them any greater force than they had at the time of such filing and did not destroy the judicial interpretation placed upon them by this Court.
Statutes in derogation of the common law are to be strictly construed. 25 R.C.L., 1056. The judicial construction of the regulation in the Primrose case was embodied in and became a part of the statute enacted June 18, 1910.
In Western Union v. Czizek, 286 F. 478, the United States Circuit Court of Appeals held the telegraph company under the facts was guilty of gross negligence. This Court held under the facts that it was not guilty of gross negligence and was therefore protected by the rules and regulations. No other question was decided. This case is not in point. The other expressions in the opinion relied on by petitioner were dicta.
From the very language of the statute, where the rules and regulations are unreasonable, they are, of course, not binding.
Respondent delivered to petitioner a message for transmission over its telegraph lines from a point in Alabama to a point in Louisiana by which respondent offered to sell to the addressee a quantity of pecans at fifty cents per pound. In the message as transmitted the word "fifteen" was substituted for the word "fifty." Respondent, who in consequence of the error suffered damage in the sum of $352.10, brought suit in the Circuit Court of Butler County, Alabama, to recover for petitioner's negligence in failing to transmit the message as given. The company pleaded that (a) as the message was not a repeated message its liability was limited to the amount received for sending it, by the terms of the tariffs and classifications filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission under Act of June 18, 1910, c. 309, 36 Stat. 539 § 1, and (b) as the message was not sent as a specially valued message the liability of the company was limited to $50 by the filed tariffs and classifications. Relevant parts of the tariff are printed in the margin.
"ALL MESSAGES TAKEN BY THIS COMPANY ARE SUBJECT TO THE FOLLOWING TERMS.
"To guard against mistakes or delays, the sender of a message should order it repeated, that is telegraphed back to the originating office for comparison. For this one-half the unrepeated message rate Page 257 is charged in addition. Unless otherwise indicated on its face, THIS IS AN UNREPEATED MESSAGE AND PAID FOR AS SUCH, in consideration whereof it is agreed between the sender of the message and the Company as follows:
"1. The Company shall not be liable for mistakes or delays in the transmission or delivery, or for non-delivery, of an unrepeated message, beyond the amount received for sending the same; nor for mistakes or delays in the transmission or delivery, or for non-delivery, of any repeated message beyond fifty times the sum received for sending the same, unless specially valued; nor in any case for delays arising from unavoidable interruption in the working of its lines; nor for errors in cipher or obscure messages.
"2. In any event the Company shall not be liable for damages for any mistakes or delays in the transmission or delivery, or for non-delivery of this message, whether caused by the negligence of its servants or otherwise, beyond the sum of Fifty Dollars, at which amount this message is hereby valued, unless a greater value is stated in writing hereon at the time the message is offered to the Company for transmission, and an additional sum paid or agreed to be paid based on such value equal to one-tenth of one per cent, thereof."
These defenses were overruled and judgment given for the plaintiff, the respondent here, which was reversed by the state Court of Appeals, 18 Ala. App. 531, on the authority of Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Esteve Bros. Co., 256 U.S. 566. Upon an amended complaint charging gross negligence a trial was had resulting in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff for nominal damages, which was affirmed by the Court of Appeals on the ground that the evidence did not establish gross negligence and that the trial court had rightly withdrawn that question from the jury. 20 Ala. App. 388. The Supreme Court of Alabama reversed the judgment of the Court of Appeals, ruling that although the filed tariff was a bar to the recovery of damages resulting from negligence, as decided in the Esteve case, it did not preclude a recovery for gross negligence and that on the evidence the jury should have been allowed to say whether the negligence of the defendant was gross. Ex parte Priester, 212 Ala. 271. On a retrial, judgment was again given for the plaintiff for the full amount demanded. This was affirmed by the Court of Appeals which, following the previous opinion of the state Supreme Court, held that the tariff was not a defense to an action for damages resulting from gross negligence. 21 Ala. App. 587. The state Supreme Court denied certiorari, 215 Ala. 435. This Court granted certiorari. Jud. Code, 237(b); 274 U.S. 727.
Through abundance of caution petitioner filed separate petitions here, which were granted, asking that writs of certiorari be directed respectively to the Court of Appeals and to the Supreme Court. But as the Supreme Court of Alabama, by denying the petition for certiorari, on the face of the record did not pass on the merits, the writ of this Court in number 183 was properly directed to the Court of Appeals, and that in number 189 is dismissed. Norfolk Turnpike Co. v. Virginia, 225 U.S. 264, 269; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Crovo, 220 U.S. 364; compare Matthews v. Huwe, 269 U.S. 262.
In Primrose v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 154 U.S. 1, relied upon by the Supreme Court of Alabama in the earlier appeal as supporting its distinction between ordinary negligence and gross negligence, a contract between the telegraph company and its patron, limiting the liability of the company if the message was not repeated, was upheld as a defense to an action seeking recovery for the negligent transmission of the message. Although it is suggested in the opinion (pp. 17-19) that as a matter of public policy the company would not have been permitted to stipulate away its liability for gross negligence, the distinction was neither involved in the case nor applied by the Court, nor has it been so applied. See Philadelphia Reading R.R. v. Derby, 14 How. 468, 485, 486; Steamboat New World v. King, 16 How. 469, 474; Milwaukee St. Paul Ry. v. Arms, 91 U.S. 489, 493-495.
Since the decision in the Primrose case the telegraph companies have been brought under the provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act and their tariffs for all interstate service made subject to the approval of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Interstate Commerce Act § 1, as amended by Act of June 18, 1910, c. 309, § 7, 36 Stat. 539. By § 1 of the Interstate Commerce Act it is provided that subject to the approval of the Commission messages received by telegraph companies for transmission may be classified into "repeated, unrepeated . . . and such other classes as are just and reasonable, and different rates may be charged for the different classes of messages." The established rates for unrepeated messages thus became the lawful rates and the attendant limitation of liability became the lawful condition upon which messages might be sent. Unrepeated Message Case, 44 I.C.C. 670; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Esteve Bros. Co., supra, 571; Postal Telegraph-Cable Co. v. Warren-Godwin Co., 251 U.S. 27; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Boegli, 251 U.S. 315; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Czizek, 264 U.S. 281. What had previously been a matter of common law liability, with such contractual restrictions as the states might permit, then became the subject of federal legislation to secure reasonable and just rates for all without undue preference or advantage to any. Since that end is attainable only by adherence to the approved rate, based upon an authorized classification, that rate "represents the whole duty and the whole liability of the company." Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Esteve Bros. Co., supra. Such being the basis of liability, we do not perceive any adequate ground upon which it may be enlarged merely by the application of a "vituperative epithet" to the admitted fault of the petitioner. Milwaukee St. Paul Ry. v. Arms, supra, 494. For if it be assumed that we can weigh and measure degrees of negligence and that a public service company may not by contract alone limit its liability for gross negligence, so-called, nevertheless we may not disregard a lawful exercise of the regulatory power which has made no distinction between degrees of negligence, nor may we, upon any theory of public policy, annex to the rate as made conditions affecting its uniformity and equality.
The message here was unrepeated and the loss resulted from a mistake in transmission. The case thus comes within the express provision of clause 1 of the tariff, limiting the liability to the amount received for the service.
The cause will be reversed and remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Reversed.