Summary
In Wells v Coulter Sales, Inc, 105 Mich. App. 107, 115; 306 N.W.2d 411 (1981), another panel of this Court, after reviewing Funk and its progeny, summarized, "Thus, we conclude that a plaintiff's recovery may not be diminished by his own negligence if the liability of the defendant arises from the failure to provide adequate safety devices in the work place".
Summary of this case from George v. Eaton Corp.Opinion
Docket No. 47787.
Decided April 8, 1981. Leave to appeal applied for.
Leitson, Dean, Dean, Segar Hart, P.C. (by Leonard B. Shulman), for plaintiff.
Wilson, Portnoy, Basso Leader, P.C. (by Robert P. Roth), for Allis Chalmers Manufacturing Company.
Kitch, Suhrheinrich, Smith, Sauriber Drutchas, P.C. (by Jeremiah J. Kenney), for Full Vision, Inc.
Before: M.F. CAVANAGH, P.J., and D.F. WALSH and D.C. RILEY, JJ.
Plaintiff's deceased husband, John Wells, was engaged in moving a duck house owned by his employer on the employer's property. Wells was instructed not to perform the task on the day of the accident, which forms the basis of this suit, because of the poor weather conditions, which were blizzard-like. The duck house was approximately 75 feet away from a pond located on the farm property. Wells was familiar with the location of the pond on the property. The pond was partially visible even though it was frozen and covered with snow.
A fellow employee, Lavern Huddleston, testified that Wells drove a forklift between the duck house and the pond to gain an approach to the duck house. He then proceeded to back the forklift some 75 feet into the pond. It was established at trial that it was not necessary to drive the forklift that distance to accomplish the task; 10 to 15 feet would have been sufficient.
As Wells' forklift began to slide down the eight-foot embankment into the pond, Huddleston observed Wells open the right side door and attempt to get out, but Wells was unable to do so before the forklift broke through the ice. The forklift tipped over, door side down, so as to block the door opening. The cab was resting at an angle in water approximately four feet deep.
Huddleston dove into the freezing water in an attempt to rescue Wells. Wells appeared unconscious and rescuers were unable to gain access through the submerged and blocked door. An attempt to open the left side window from the outside failed. An attempt to break the glass surrounding the cab using a crowbar as a hammer also proved unsuccessful. Further rescue attempts were terminated, as the rescuers realized that enough time had elapsed to assume that Wells was drowned.
The forklift which Wells was driving was equipped with an enclosed cab, inside which the operator sat while driving the truck. The cab was designed and fabricated by Full Vision and manufactured by Allis Chalmers. The cab was specifically manufactured to be adapted for a variety of uses. Wells' forklift included a "Buckmaster" feature, which was a large circular saw on the left side of the vehicle. The clutch mechanism of the forklift was also located on the left side, inside the cab. To insure the safety of the operator, shields were in place on the left side of the vehicle. A 32-inch by 20-inch wing-type window was installed on the left side of the vehicle. When the latching mechanism was turned completely, the entire window and frame would fall out, allowing for an exit in addition to the door on the right side of the vehicle. Testimony indicated that a large man could extricate himself from the cab through the window with little difficulty. The cab was surrounded by glass; the windshield was laminated safety glass and the side windows were tempered glass, installed to prevent foreign objects from penetrating the cab and striking the operator. This glass panel could be kicked in or out for escape or rescue purposes.
Plaintiff's original complaint was filed against Allis Chalmers and Coulter Sales, the retailer from whom the forklift and cab were purchased. Claims against Coulter were dismissed during the trial. The complaint was subsequently amended to include Full Vision. The complaint stated two claims. The first, based on negligence, alleged that the defendants negligently designed the cab by failing to provide an adequate secondary (emergency) means of access and egress, and the second, based on breach of warranty, alleged that the forklift was not fit for its intended purpose because it was not designed with an adequate secondary exit, i.e., a left door on the cab.
The defendants raised the affirmative defenses of misuse of product and contributory negligence based on the deceased's negligent manner of driving. By pretrial order, the trial court barred the use of contributory negligence as an affirmative defense, but reversed that ruling during the trial and allowed it as a defense. At the conclusion of proofs, plaintiff requested an instruction on comparative negligence. The request was denied. Over objection, the jury was instructed on contributory negligence. The jury returned a verdict of no cause of action as to both defendants on both counts.
Plaintiff filed a motion for new trial but arguments and briefs were adjourned until after receipt of the trial transcripts. Prior to the receipt of the trial transcripts, the Supreme Court, on February 8, 1979, adopted the doctrine of comparative negligence in Placek v City of Sterling Heights, 405 Mich. 638; 275 N.W.2d 511 (1979), and the Legislature enacted the products liability law, 1978 PA 495; MCL 600.2945 et seq.; MSA 27A.2945 et seq.
Following submission of briefs on the motion, the motion for a new trial was argued and subsequently denied. Plaintiff appeals as of right.
The first issue this Court is called upon to decide in this case is whether the trial court committed reversible error by denying plaintiff's request for an instruction on comparative negligence.
It has been determined by the Supreme Court of this state that the comparative negligence rule of Placek v City of Sterling Heights, supra, would apply to any retrial of a negligence action case where it would have been applicable at the original trial. The Placek rule of comparative negligence is to be applied to all cases in which the trial commences after the date of Placek, February 8, 1979, including those in which a retrial is to occur because of remand on any issue. Placek, supra, 667, Rivers v Ford Motor Co, 90 Mich. App. 94, 97; 280 N.W.2d 875 (1979), and Tulkku v Mackworth Rees Division of Avis Industries, Inc, 406 Mich. 615; 281 N.W.2d 291 (1979), on remand to the Court of Appeals, 101 Mich. App. 709; 301 N.W.2d 46 (1980). As this case was tried to conclusion before Placek, supra, was announced and the products liability statute enacted, the trial court's refusal to instruct on comparative negligence was not error.
We must next determine the more difficult question of whether the trial court erred reversibly by instructing the jury on contributory negligence.
In the instant case, as in Rivers, the machinery used by the injured person was equipped with safety features: here, the impact resistant glass and the left side window that could be opened out by turning the latch completely; in Rivers, the press machine was originally outfitted with safety devices that had been removed by the operator who was subsequently injured. Timmerman v Universal Corrogated Box Machinery Corp, 93 Mich. App. 680; 287 N.W.2d 316 (1979), Stambaugh v Chrysler Corp, 96 Mich. App. 166; 292 N.W.2d 510 (1980), relying on the Supreme Court's decisions in Funk v General Motors Corp, 392 Mich. 91; 220 N.W.2d 641 (1974), and Tulkku, supra, held that the rule in Michigan is that neither contributory negligence nor comparative negligence may be raised as a defense to an alleged negligent failure by an employer to provide safety equipment in the work place.
In Timmerman, this Court stated that comparative negligence would not apply at the retrial in a products liability action based on an alleged failure to provide safety equipment in a catwalk in an industrial plant. Judge MAHER, writing for the Court in Timmerman, 686, stated:
"In view of the policy reasons underlying the Funk and Tulkku decisions, being the fostering of worker protection and encouragement of employers and manufacturers to provide proper and adequate safety equipment, it seems to us that the employee's negligence cannot be raised as a defense, whether it be under a doctrine of contributory negligence or comparative negligence."
In Stambaugh, this Court again held that contributory negligence did not apply in an action alleging lack of safety equipment in the work place. In concluding that the jury should consider damages unclouded by considerations of contributory negligence, the Court noted by way of footnote that comparative negligence instructions "would, of course, be improper on remand since a finding of causal negligence by defendant forecloses any consideration of plaintiff's fault". Stambaugh, supra, 173, fn 3 (emphasis in original).
In Funk, supra, the Supreme Court determined that contributory negligence does not bar recovery where the trier of fact may reasonably find that the failure to provide necessary safety equipment in the work place was the cause, in fact, of the injury. The Funk Court noted:
"The policy behind the law of torts is more than compensation of victims. It seeks also to encourage implementation of reasonable safeguards against risks of injury." Funk, supra, 104.
Similarly, the Tulkku Court held that contributory negligence was no defense to an alleged negligent failure to provide safety equipment in the work place and said:
"If we are to continue to foster the protection of the worker and to encourage manufacturers to take all reasonable precautions in designing and manufacturing safety devices, we cannot allow the discredited doctrine of contributory negligence to undermine these goals." Tulkku, supra, 406 Mich at 623. (Emphasis added.)
Thus, we conclude that a plaintiff's recovery may not be diminished by his own negligence if the liability of the defendant arises from the failure to provide adequate safety devices in the work place. However, where, as here, there is no "work place" or, as in Funk, supra, and in each one of its progeny to date, no general or subcontractor relationship nor a factory or industrial setting, the rationale of Funk and Tulkku disappears. We have here a product, a forklift, that allegedly was designed negligently so that when used in a reasonably foreseeable manner it was unsafe and damaged the plaintiff. Alternatively, it is alleged that certain of the safety features of the product were defective, thus causing damage to plaintiff. This is a straight products liability case, clearly unrelated to any industrial or common work area setting. Were we to apply Funk and Tulkku to these facts, we would have to do so in almost every products liability case, for we can perceive of no products liability situation in which the product is not allegedly unsafe by virtue of the defect. Such an interpretation would have precluded the defenses of contributory negligence and misuse of product in all products liability cases and would now render nugatory the following language of the products liability act, MCL 600.2949; MSA 27A.2949:
"Sec. 2949. (1) In all products liability actions brought to recover damages resulting from death or injury to person or property, the fact that the plaintiff may have been guilty of contributory negligence shall not bar a recovery by the plaintiff or the plaintiff's legal representatives, but damages sustained by the plaintiff shall be diminished in proportion to the amount of negligence attributed to the plaintiff."
We then would be left with strict liability in all products cases. Such is not yet the law in Michigan. Under these circumstances, therefore, it was not error for the trial court to instruct on contributory negligence.
The plaintiff has failed to preserve the issue of the propriety of the court's instructions to the jury on each party's burden of proof on the issue of misuse of product because the alleged deviation from the SJI was not brought to the trial court's attention prior to the commencement of jury deliberations. Javis v Ypsilanti Board of Education, 393 Mich. 689, 702-703; 227 N.W.2d 543 (1975). Despite the failure to preserve this issue for appeal, we are not convinced that the instructions here were erroneous when viewed in their entirety. Berlin v Snyder, 89 Mich. App. 38, 41; 279 N.W.2d 322 (1979), lv den 407 Mich. 867 (1979).
We find that the misuse of product instructions utilized by the trial court were proper in view of the facts of this case.
This Court in Dooms v Stewart Bolling Co, 68 Mich. App. 5; 241 N.W.2d 738 (1976), lv den 397 Mich. 862 (1976), held:
"If the proximate cause of a plaintiff's injury is found to have stemmed from his own conduct, such as misuse of a product, and not from the product's lack of fitness, he may not recover since the proofs have failed to establish a causal connection between the defect and injury. Casey v Gifford Wood Co, [ 61 Mich. App. 208; 232 N.W.2d 360 (1975)] supra, at 218. Moreover, if the failure of a manufacturer to provide a product reasonably fit for the use intended or reasonably foreseen is found to be a proximate cause of the injury to plaintiff, the fact that plaintiff's misuse concurred with the defect to cause the harm will not bar recovery under a theory of implied warranty unless it can be said that plaintiff voluntarily and unreasonably proceeded to encounter the known risk." (Emphasis in original.) Dooms, supra, 17-18.
Here, the risk of the submergence of the vehicle at an angle so that the right side driver door would not open cannot be said to be a foreseeable and reasonably anticipated risk on the manufacturer's part. Nor was this a known risk within the normal use of the product for the purpose for which it was intended. Prosser, Law of Torts (3d ed), p 656, Snider v Bob Thibodeau Ford, Inc, 42 Mich. App. 708; 202 N.W.2d 727 (1972), lv den 388 Mich. 812 (1972), and Barefield v La Salle Coca-Cola Bottling Co, 370 Mich. 1; 120 N.W.2d 786 (1963).
Finally, we are not convinced that the trial court erroneously used the term "state of the art" in instructing the jury as to the manufacturer's requisite standard of care. The court's instruction did not suggest that the reference to customary usage was determinative of the standard to be applied. It instructed the jury not to look only to typical industry practice but to consider that along with the state of the science and engineering, state and Federal regulations or lack of the same, and all other evidence in the case pertaining to the state of the art.
We affirm the judgment below. Defendants may tax costs.