Summary
In Weller v. Colleges of the Senecas (217 AD2d 280), a student riding a bicycle at night on a college campus pathway was injured when his wheel struck a tree root. Since the root was not an inherent feature of such a pathway and the student did not observe it until the accident, he was held not to have assumed the risk that he might strike it.
Summary of this case from Joseph v. New York Racing Ass'nOpinion
December 22, 1995
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Ontario County, Raymond E. Cornelius, J.
Bond, Schoeneck King, L.L.P., Syracuse, for appellant.
Saperston Day, P.C., Rochester, for Colleges of the Senecas, respondent.
Chamberlain, D'Amanda, Oppenheimer Greenfield, Rochester, for Marriott Management Services Corp., respondent.
This action arises out of an accident that occurred on September 8, 1989 on the campus of Hobart College. Plaintiff, a student at the college, was riding his bike on campus at night when he veered off a paved path onto the grass. The front tire struck a tree root causing plaintiff to be catapulted over the handlebars onto the ground. The impact rendered him a quadriplegic.
Plaintiff commenced this negligence action against Colleges of the Senecas, also known as Hobart and William Smith Colleges (Hobart), as landowner, and Marriott Management Services Corp. (Marriott), which was under contract to maintain the buildings and grounds. Hobart served an answer containing the affirmative defenses of assumption of risk and General Obligations Law § 9-103, and a cross claim against Marriott. Marriott served an answer containing an affirmative defense of plaintiff's culpable conduct and a cross claim against Hobart.
Upon completion of discovery, Hobart moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint and Marriott's cross claim on the grounds that plaintiff assumed the risk of injury, it owed plaintiff no duty to prevent the accident under General Obligations Law § 9-103 Gen. Oblig., and it was not negligent. Marriott moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint and Hobart's cross claim on the grounds that plaintiff assumed the risk of injury, plaintiff's conduct was the sole proximate cause of the accident, it owed no duty to plaintiff to prevent the accident, and it was not negligent. Plaintiff opposed the motions and cross-moved to dismiss Hobart's affirmative defense of General Obligations Law § 9-103.
Supreme Court granted defendants' motions, denied plaintiff's cross motion and dismissed the complaint. The court concluded that defendants were entitled to summary judgment based on the doctrine of primary assumption of risk, and that Hobart was also entitled to summary judgment based on General Obligations Law § 9-103.
Plaintiff contends that the doctrine of primary assumption of risk does not apply because this action is based, not upon an inherent known risk of bicycling on a college campus, but upon the negligence of defendants in creating and maintaining an unlighted "desired pathway" containing a concealed root. Plaintiff contends that hitting a tree root is not a risk inherent in bicycling on campus but, even if it is, the doctrine of primary assumption of risk does not apply because he did not know of the existence of the root. Plaintiff also contends that defendants owed him a duty to exercise reasonable care under the circumstances and that a jury could find that the duty included the obligation to inspect the desired pathway for hazards. We agree.
There are two distinct doctrines of assumption of risk (see, Rodriguez v. New York City Hous. Auth., 211 A.D.2d 328, 333; Lamey v. Foley, 188 A.D.2d 157, 163). The first is not an absolute defense, but rather, is based on comparative fault and reduces the recovery of plaintiff in the proportion that his culpable conduct contributed to the accident (see, CPLR 1411; Turcotte v. Fell, 68 N.Y.2d 432, 438; Rodriguez v. New York City Hous. Auth., supra; Lamey v. Foley, supra). The second, primary assumption of risk, is based on principles of duty and is a complete bar to recovery (see, Turcotte v. Fell, supra, at 437-439; Cohen v. Heritage Motor Tours, 205 A.D.2d 105, 108; Lamey v. Foley, supra, at 163).
The doctrine of primary assumption of risk generally applies to situations in which the plaintiff is injured while voluntarily participating in a sporting or entertainment activity and the injury-causing event is a known, apparent or reasonably foreseeable consequence of participation (Turcotte v. Fell, supra, at 439; Cohen v. Heritage Motor Tours, supra; Lamey v Foley, supra). The plaintiff's informed consent to the risks inherent in participating in the activity relieves the defendant of its duty of reasonable care to the plaintiff (see, Turcotte v Fell, supra, at 438).
"To establish plaintiff's assumption of risk, a defendant must show that plaintiff was aware of the defective or dangerous condition and the resultant risk, although it is not necessary to demonstrate that plaintiff foresaw the exact manner in which his injury occurred" (Lamey v. Foley, supra, at 164, citing Maddox v. City of New York, 66 N.Y.2d 270, 278). Probably the most important factor in determining whether a plaintiff assumed the risk of injury is whether the risk is inherent in the activity (see, Owen v. R.J.S. Safety Equip., 79 N.Y.2d 967, 970; Lamey v Foley, supra). Generally, individuals consent to injury-causing events that are known, apparent or reasonably foreseeable consequences of participation, but do not consent to unassumed, concealed or unreasonably increased risks (see, Lamey v. Foley, supra, at 163-164). If "the risks are fully comprehended or obvious and the plaintiff has consented to them, the defendant has satisfied its only duty of care which is to make the conditions as safe as they appear to be" (Cohen v. Heritage Motor Tours, supra, at 108; see, Turcotte v. Fell, supra, at 438-439).
Hobart and Marriott have the burden to establish as a matter of law that plaintiff's action is barred by the doctrine of primary assumption of risk (see, Adams v. Rochester Gas Elec. Corp., 191 A.D.2d 960). Generally, whether the plaintiff assumed a risk by participating in a sport is a question for the jury; dismissal of the complaint is appropriate only when the proof before the court reveals no triable issue of fact (see, McKenney v. Dominick, 190 A.D.2d 1021). Of course, in the procedural posture of a summary judgment motion by defendants, the court must accept plaintiff's evidence as true and grant it every favorable inference (see, e.g., Hartford Ins. Co. v. General Acc. Group Ins. Co., 177 A.D.2d 1046, 1047).
In this case, plaintiff testified at an examination before trial that, although he had biked between the two trees on prior occasions, the first time he noticed the root was a split second before his front tire hit it. Plaintiff averred in an affidavit that Hobart students had created a "desired pathway" between the trees that connected to the paved path. The photographs reveal, contrary to defendants' contentions, that the accident did not occur in the middle of a grassy field.
Marriott's grounds supervisor testified that Marriott's policy was to remove tree roots that presented a tripping hazard and admitted that he was aware that students had created at least one desired pathway off the end of the paved path and that students rode bikes in the area where plaintiff hit the root. Contrary to defendants' contentions, a jury could reasonably find that a tree root is not necessarily an inherent feature of a path adjacent to trees.
Although plaintiff's conduct of riding between the trees after dark may have been ill-advised, based on his prior experience with the alleged desired pathway, we conclude that plaintiff did not assume the risk of hitting a tree root. Rather than constituting primary assumption of risk, plaintiff's voluntary decision to ride between the trees "is simply a factor relevant in the assessment of culpable conduct" (McKenney v. Dominick, supra; see, CPLR 1411; Roberts v. Ski Roundtop, 212 A.D.2d 768; Rodriguez v. New York City Hous. Auth., supra, at 333; Henig v Hofstra Univ., 160 A.D.2d 761).
Moreover, just as defendants failed to establish as a matter of law that plaintiff assumed the risk of his injury, they also failed to establish that plaintiff's conduct was the sole proximate cause of the accident, i.e., "an unforeseeable superseding event that absolves defendants of liability" (Boltax v. Joy Day Camp, 67 N.Y.2d 617, 620). There is a question of fact whether the tree root was an obvious risk of riding a bike between the trees. It cannot be said that plaintiff's conduct was so reckless, or the risk so obvious, as to absolve defendants of all liability (cf., Plate v. City of Rochester, 217 A.D.2d 984; Lionarons v. General Elec. Co., 215 A.D.2d 851, affd for reasons stated below 86 N.Y.2d 832).
"A landowner owes a duty to another on his land to keep it in a reasonably safe condition, considering all of the circumstances including the purpose of the person's presence and the likelihood of injury" (Macey v. Truman, 70 N.Y.2d 918, 919, order amended 71 N.Y.2d 949). Although plaintiff must establish that he was injured by a dangerous condition on the defendant's property of which the defendant had actual or constructive notice (see, e.g., Anable v. Bollentin, 175 A.D.2d 545), if the defendant has a duty to conduct reasonable inspections, the issue of actual or constructive notice is irrelevant (see, Watson v. City of New York, 184 A.D.2d 690). Clearly, defendants owed plaintiff, a Hobart student, a duty to keep campus pathways in a reasonably safe condition. Whether defendants breached that duty by failing to discover the tree root is a jury question. The evidence establishes that Hobart and Marriott were aware that students rode bikes on desired pathways.
Hobart argues in the alternative that the court properly dismissed the complaint against it based on General Obligations Law § 9-103. We agree. That statute provides that: "an owner, lessee or occupant of premises * * * owes no duty to keep the premises safe for entry or use by others for * * * bicycle riding * * * or to give warning of any hazardous condition * * * on such premises to persons entering for such purposes" (General Obligations Law § 9-103 [a]).
Plaintiff's status as a student does not preclude application of the statute because landowners owe no duty to individuals who "enter or use" their lands for an enumerated recreational activity (see, Martins v. Syracuse Univ., 214 A.D.2d 967). The tuition and student activity fee have no nexus to plaintiff's use of the campus for bike riding. Hobart allows anyone to bike on its campus. Furthermore, plaintiff's purpose in riding his bicycle is irrelevant (see, Bragg v. Genesee County Agric. Socy., 84 N.Y.2d 544, 552, n 3; Farnham v. Kittinger, 83 N.Y.2d 520, 528). Unlike a public park that is open to the public, section 9-103 is properly applied to a private college because the statute encourages the college to permit individuals to pursue recreational activities on the campus.
Accordingly, the order should be modified by denying Marriott's motion for summary judgment based upon the doctrine of primary assumption of risk and reinstating the complaint against Marriott only.
GREEN, J.P., PINE, FALLON and DOERR, JJ., concur.
Order unanimously modified, on the law, and as modified, affirmed, without costs, in accordance with the opinion by CALLAHAN, J.