Summary
In Welke, in which the defendant driver hit and killed the plaintiff's deceased, the court stated that a doctor who had injected a patient-driver with an "unknown substance" had a special relationship with the patient; unlike in the instant case, "the doctor's malpractice is the proximate cause of a plaintiff's injuries and... the doctor himself is in the best position to prevent the harm."
Summary of this case from Sellers v. U.S.Opinion
Docket No. 77810.
Decided July 15, 1985. Leave to appeal applied for.
Chambers, Steiner, Mazur, Ornstein Amlin, P.C. (by Courtney E. Morgan, Jr., and Angela J. Nicita), for plaintiff.
Dice, Sweeney, Sullivan, Feikens, Hurbis Foster, P.C. (by Robert N. Foster and Dennis J. Mendis), for Bradford G. Capper, D.O.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from the grant of defendant Dr. Bradford Capper's motion for partial summary judgment dismissing plaintiff's medical malpractice count for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.
On October 13, 1981, plaintiff filed a wrongful death action against defendant Sharlyn Kuzilla alleging that she negligently caused the death of plaintiff's decedent and wife, Judith Welke. Plaintiff's wife was killed when the automobile Kuzilla was driving, which was owned by defendant Dr. Bradford Capper, crossed the center line and collided with the vehicle operated by decedent. Plaintiff also alleged that prior to the accident, Dr. Capper had been treating Kuzilla and had prescribed medication for her. On the evening prior to the accident, he allegedly injected Kuzilla with an unknown substance.
On August 30, 1983, plaintiff moved for leave to amend his complaint to add several new tort theories and allegations of damages including a medical malpractice count against Dr. Capper. On September 9, 1983, the trial court heard arguments concerning only the request to add the medical malpractice count because the period of limitations on that action was about to run. The trial court denied leave to add the medical malpractice count but granted leave to add the remaining counts.
The trial court reasoned that the medical malpractice count was an entirely different theory for which defendant had no previous notice and no time to prepare. If the count were added, discovery necessarily would have to be extended beyond the impending cut-off date, and the grant of such an extension by the Chief Judge of the Wayne County Circuit Court could not be guaranteed. However, before the trial court denied leave to amend, it made arrangements for plaintiff to file the medical malpractice action on the date of the hearing, despite the fact that the clerk's office was officially closed.
This Court affirmed the trial court's actions, finding that neither plaintiff nor defendant had been prejudiced because the trial court had "compromised the interests of both parties by denying the motion but facilitated plaintiff's filing of the medical malpractice action in a timely manner". Welke v Kuzilla, 140 Mich. App. 658, 666; 365 N.W.2d 205 (1985). It is this subsequent action which forms the basis of the instant appeal.
In plaintiff's second action against Dr. Capper, defendant filed a motion for partial summary judgment contending that the medical malpractice count did not state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Defendant argued that because no physician-patient relationship existed between defendant and plaintiff's decedent, there was no duty owed to plaintiff that would support a medical malpractice claim. Plaintiff acknowledged that there was no physician-patient relationship, but asked the court to follow decisions in other jurisdictions which hold the physician responsible for his treatment of patients who cause injuries to third parties. The trial court granted defendant's motion finding that the lack of a physician-patient relationship between plaintiff's decedent and defendant precluded a finding that the defendant was liable to plaintiff on a medical malpractice theory. We reverse the trial court's holding.
In doing so, we note that the question of whether the defendant doctor owed a duty of care to plaintiff was anticipated in the companion case to this appeal, Welke v Kuzilla, supra. Because a majority of this Court affirmed the trial court's decision to deny plaintiff leave to add the medical malpractice count on the grounds given by the trial court, the question was not addressed except by Judge BRONSON in his dissent. We agree with Judge BRONSON that plaintiff's medical malpractice action is legally sufficient and adopt his reasoning as our own.
In a medical malpractice action, or any personal injury action based upon negligence, the question of whether a duty exists is one of law for the court's resolution. Elbert v Saginaw, 363 Mich. 463; 109 N.W.2d 879 (1961); Welke v Kuzilla, supra (BRONSON, J., dissenting). In general, an individual owes no duty to protect another individual who is endangered by a third person, unless the first individual has some special relationship with either the dangerous person or the potential victim. Davis v Lhim, 124 Mich. App. 291, 299; 335 N.W.2d 481 (1983); 2 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 315(a), p 122. See also American States Ins Co v Albin, 118 Mich. App. 201, 206; 324 N.W.2d 574 (1982), lv den 417 Mich. 955 (1983).
As Judge BRONSON pointed out, Michigan courts have recognized under various circumstances that a third party may have a negligence claim against a defendant based upon the defendant's relationship with another party. See Duvall v Goldin, 139 Mich. App. 342; 362 N.W.2d 275 (1984), and cases cited therein. In Davis v Lhim, supra, citing Tarasoff v Regents of University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425; 131 Cal.Rptr. 14; 551 P.2d 334 (1976), this Court held that a psychiatrist owes a professional duty of care to those who could foreseeably be injured by his patient. The imposition of this duty was based upon the physician-patient relationship and the general principle of tort law precluding an individual's duty to protect another who is endangered by a third person unless he has some special relationship with either the dangerous person or the potential victim. Like the California court in Tarasoff, this Court found that a pychiatrist has such a "special relationship" with his patient, which, under certain circumstances, imposes a duty on a psychiatrist to use reasonable care to protect persons endangered by his patient.
The Davis Court recognized, however, that in the psychiatric profession, "[a]nnouncing every generalized threat to the outside world would seriously undermine a therapist's efforts to gain the trust of his patient". 124 Mich. App. 304. Therefore, the Court was compelled to limit the scope of the psychiatrist's duty to use reasonable care to protect an individual against danger to those instances when the psychiatrist determines or, pursuant to the standard of care of his profession, should determine that his patient poses a serious danger of violence to that readily identifiable individual. 124 Mich. App. 305.
In Duvall v Goldin, supra, this Court recently extended Davis to uphold a negligence claim against a physician based upon allegations analogous to those presented in the case at bar. The Court reasoned that, while Davis was factually limited to readily identifiable persons, Davis did not preclude the recognition of a special relationship and the imposition of a duty in a broader context. Rather, the Davis holding constituted an exception to the general foreseeability rule by limiting the psychiatrist's duty to only those readily identifiable persons threatened by his or her patient. Therefore, this Court found that the defendant in Duvall did have a special relationship with his patient, the so-called "dangerous person", which was sufficient to place the case within the exception to the common-law rule that no one has a duty to protect an individual who is endangered by the conduct of another.
Duvall is in accord with decisions in other jurisdictions which have examined this issue. Davis v Mangelsdorf, 138 Ariz. 207; 673 P.2d 951 (Ariz. App, 1983); Gooden v Tips, 651 S.W.2d 364 (Tex App, 1983); Wharton Transport Corp v Bridges, 606 S.W.2d 521 (Tenn, 1980); Watkins v United States, 589 F.2d 214 (CA 5, 1979); Freese v Lemmon, 210 N.W.2d 576 (Iowa, 1973); Kaiser v Suburban Transportation System, 65 Wn.2d 461; 398 P.2d 14 (1965).
We agree with Judge BRONSON'S conclusion that, in the case at bar, defendant Dr. Capper owed a duty to plaintiff's decedent, an innocent driver within the scope of foreseeable risk, by virtue of his special relationship with Sharlyn Kuzilla.
We also agree with Judge BRONSON that this duty is sufficient to sustain a medical malpractice action. We recognize the the Duval Court found that the plaintiff's action was based upon general principles of negligence law rather than medical malpractice. We are also aware that apparently no court has directly addressed the issue of whether a case such as the one at bar may sound in malpractice absent a direct physician-patient relationship between the defendant doctor and the plaintiff. For reasons of public policy and logical consistency, we conclude, however, as Judge BRONSON did, that plaintiff's claim is one properly sounding in medical malpractice.
In Delahunt v Finton, 244 Mich. 226, 230; 221 N.W. 168 (1928), the Supreme Court stated that malpractice constitutes "the negligent performance by a physician or surgeon of the duties devolved and incumbent upon him on account of his contractual relations with his patient". An action in medical malpractice, therefore, is in essence a tort claim in negligence. See Stitt v Mahaney, 72 Mich. App. 120, 124-125; 249 N.W.2d 319 (1976), rev'd on other grounds 403 Mich. 711; 272 N.W.2d 526 (1978).
Accordingly, in order for plaintiff to prove his claim against defendant, whether under negligence or malpractice, plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) the existence of a physician-patient relationship between defendant doctor and the third person who was a cause-in-fact of plaintiff's injuries; (2) breach of the applicable standard of care required by the doctor in the treatment of the patient; and (3) that the negligent treatment of the patient was a proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries. Welke v Kuzilla, supra, pp 677-678. Thus, to hold that the plaintiff's action may sound in negligence, but not in medical malpractice, would be to exalt form over substance.
We do not believe that our conclusion will open the floodgates to frivolous litigation. The stringent elements which must be set forth in order for the action to survive pretrial disposition are sufficient to safeguard against this possibility. We have already stated that the threshold question of whether a duty is owed to plaintiff by defendant is a question of law for the court's resolution. Whether such a duty exists depends "in part on foreseeability — whether it is foreseeable that the actor's conduct may create a risk of harm to the victim * * *". Moning v Alfono, 400 Mich. 439. Further, in the narrow circumstances of this case, the concept of foreseeability entails the finding of some "special relationship" with either the dangerous person or the potential victim. Davis v Lhim, 124 Mich. App. 299. This "special relationship" exists where the physician determines or, pursuant to the standard of care, should determine that his patient poses a serious threat of danger to a third person. Id., p 300. We believe we impose no onerous burden by insisting that a physician abide by the standards of care of his profession.
We also believe that the possible imposition of liability in a case such as the case at bar comports with public policy concerns. While we do not intend to make physicians highway accident insurers, see Duvall, supra, we do believe that liability is properly imposed where a doctor's malpractice is the proximate cause of a plaintiff's injuries and where the doctor himself is in the best position to prevent the harm.
It may be argued that this opinion will cause physicians to eschew cases exposing them to such limitless liability or cause them to give ultraconservative advice in apprehension over the fate which may await them if they give otherwise sound medical counsel. See Freese v Lemmon, supra (LEGRAND, J., dissenting). As was stated in Davis v Lhim, supra, however, regardless of this potential liability, we believe that doctors will comply in good faith with the standards of their medical profession.
It might also be argued that if such liability is imposed upon the medical profession the already oppressive cost of medical attention will be further increased. Freese v Lemmon, supra. But as Judge BRONSON pointed out in his dissent in the companion case to this appeal:
"In the typical malpractice action, the doctor is able to insure against the risk of liability through the required malpractice insurance. By characterizing the instant action as one in malpractice, the risk of liability now imposed upon the defendant is already insured against through his malpractice insurance in effect. It would be anomalous to impose liability on a doctor for injuries arising out of his treatment of a patient, and to require the doctor to insure against this risk of liability separately and distinctly from the risk imposed under traditional malpractice actions." Welke v Kuzilla, supra, p 680.
We agree with this reasoning.
Defendant also argues that plaintiff's complaint fails to allege with sufficient specificity the basis of his medical malpractice claim. We decline to review this argument as it was not presented to the trial court.
Reversed and remanded.
J.H. GILLIS, P.J., concurred.
The majority decides that a physician may be liable for his alleged medical malpractice to an unidentified third person who might be injured by a patient's conduct resulting from the physician's treatment of the patient. I disagree and would affirm the trial court's grant of partial summary judgment on this issue.
As pointed out by the majority, the Supreme Court held that medical malpractice constitutes "the negligent performance by a physician or surgeon of the duties devolved and incumbent upon him on account of his contractual relations with his patient". Delahunt v Finton, 244 Mich. 226, 230; 221 N.W. 168 (1928). The majority today extends this duty to persons not involved in the physician-patient contractual relationship. The issue here is "duty" not whether medical malpractice is "in essence" a tort claim in negligence. Thus, the majority's reliance upon Duvall v Goldin, 139 Mich. App. 342, 362 N.W.2d 275 (1984), is misplaced. Duvall was an action sounding in negligence, not medical malpractice. Without expressing any opinion upon whether I agree or disagree with the Duvall decision, it simply fails to support the majority's conclusion in this case.
I likewise disagree with the majority's approach to having medical malpractice insurance serve as the lightning rod for permitting this kind of malpractice action. Today the cost of malpractice insurance is already reaching astronomical proportions. See, e.g., The Detroit News, Friday, May 24, 1985, p 1A, Doctors Organize for a Fight. To say that the availability of medical malpractice insurance justifies the present claim ignores this most recent and disturbing phenomenon.
Accordingly, for these reasons, I vote to affirm the trial court's grant of partial summary judgment dismissing plaintiff's medical malpractice claim.