Opinion
June 7, 1967. —
June 30, 1967.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Barron county: ALLEN KINNEY, Circuit Judge. Affirmed.
For the appellant there was a brief by Cameron, Shervey Weisel of Rice Lake, and oral argument by Robert O. Weisel.
For the respondent there was a brief by Hughes, Anderson, Davis Witkin, attorneys, and B. R. Fredrickson of counsel, all of Superior, and oral argument by Mr. Fredrickson.
The judgment appealed from was rendered on a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff in a personal-injury action arising out of an accident where some fertilizer bags fell on him from the defendant's semitrailer truck.
The plaintiff-respondent, Ernest Welch, had been employed several years as a general farm laborer on the Lapcinski farms at Barron, Wisconsin. On May 17, 1962, Welch and another employee, Francis Slayton, were instructed to unload a semitrailer load of fertilizer that had been delivered to a Lapcinski farm. The tractor and semitrailer were owned by the defendant-appellant, C H Transfer Company, and driven by its employee, Williams.
The fertilizer was purchased by Lapcinski from the defendant, Wisconsin Farmco Service Co-op. At the trial Farmco's motion for nonsuit was granted and it is not a party to this appeal.
The semitrailer was about 30 feet long, eight feet wide and seven feet high. The doors on the back of the trailer were hinged so that the entire width of the trailer could be opened. The fertilizer was in paper bags and each bag of fertilizer weighed 80 pounds. The bags were two and one-half feet long, 18 inches wide and six to eight inches thick. It is not known who loaded the fertilizer in the trailer at Prairie du Chien. The driver Williams' whereabouts were unknown at the time of the trial and he did not testify. The fertilizer was loaded by stacking the bags eight or nine high. A stack of bags is called a "bump." The bottom bag of each bump is placed on edge and the rest on their flat side. The whole bump is loaded so that it leans forward and to allow a two-wheel cart or track to be pushed under it so that the whole bump can be removed from the trailer at one time. The bumps were all put in the trailer so that the ends of the bags were facing the sides of the trailer. The front two-thirds of the trailer was. loaded two bumps wide and then three bumps wide to the last row at the rear of the trailer. The last row, which was right up to the rear door, was two bumps wide. These last two bumps were in the center of the trailer, leaving a short aisle about 18 inches wide on each side of the truck at the last row.
While Slayton was backing Lapcinski's truck up to the rear of the trailer, Williams opened the doors and entered the trailer. The plaintiff, Welch, was right behind Williams and intended to enter the trailer to start unloading. None of the bags fell or moved when Williams opened the doors or when he entered the trailer.
Welch had unloaded several similar trailers before. He made just a brief observation and testified that the load looked the same to him as the others he had seen. Welch intended to get into the left side of the trailer. He put one foot on an iron railing of the spare tire rack at the rear of the trailer and his right hand on the floor of the trailer. With his left hand he reached up and possibly or probably touched a bag or bags with his left hand or fingers. He denies pulling on any bag. Just as he was starting to leap up to get into the truck one of the bags came out and struck him, knocking him to the ground. While on the ground three more bags fell out with one or more hitting his leg, all of which resulted in a severe fracture of his hip. The bags that fell out of the truck were from the middle of the left stack of the rear row. The top bag of this stack was still in the trailer in relatively the same position, being held there by its contact with other bumps. The bottom three or four bags were also still in the trailer.
The trial court, upon request of the plaintiff, gave a res ipsa loquitur instruction to the jury. The jury found the defendant trucking company causally "negligent with respect to the manner in which he delivered the load of fertilizer for the purpose of unloading;" and found the plaintiff Welch not negligent. The defendant's motions after verdict were denied and judgment entered on the verdict for the plaintiff. Defendant, C H Transfer Company, appeals.
The two principal issues are:
1. Did the court err in instructing the jury as to the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur?
2. Was the plaintiff negligent as a matter of law in the manner in which he attempted to enter the trailer?
In our earlier cases this court consistently held that three elements must be established to invoke the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur: (1) The accident must be the kind which ordinarily does not occur in the absence of someone's negligence; (2) it must have been caused by an agency or instrumentality within the exclusive control of the defendant; and (3) it must not have been due to any voluntary action or contribution on the part of the plaintiff.
Ryan v. Zweck-Wollenberg Co. (1954), 266 Wis. 630, 64 N.W.2d 226; Colla v. Mandella (1955), 271 Wis. 145, 72 N.W.2d 755; Arledge v. Scherer Freight Lines, Inc. (1955), 269 Wis. 142, 68 N.W.2d 821; Prosser, Law of Torts (2d ed.), p. 201, sec. 42; 39 Marquette Law Review (1956), 361; Anno. 66 A.L.R.2d 507.
In 1963, in Turk v. H. C. Prange Co.3), 18 Wis.2d 547, 558, 559, 119 N.W.2d 365, this court held, that because of our comparative-negligence statute, sec. 331.045, Stats. (renumbered 895.045), failure to prove the third element, freedom from contributory negligence, is not an absolute bar to the application of the res ipsa loquitur doctrine. Therefore, if the first two elements appear, the plaintiff was entitled to an instruction on res ipsa loquitur.
In light of common experience, the court can fairly say that fertilizer bags such as those described in the evidence do not ordinarily fall from the stationary trailers in the absence of negligence on the part of someone. We conclude the first element of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur appears satisfactorily from the evidence.
The second element, exclusive control in the defendant, was also found present by the trial court:
"This leaves us only element number two, exclusive control. Defendant delivered the load of fertilizer to the farm, and nothing had been done by anyone except defendant's employee up to the time the accident happened, so it doesn't seem that control had been turned over to anyone."
The case at bar resembles an earlier case, Peschel v. Klug (1920), 170 Wis. 519, 175 N.W. 805, on its facts. In Peschel the defendants piled three timbers, each weighing about 1,600 pounds, in an alley. The top timber fell from the pile, injuring the plaintiff while working in the alley. There was no evidence as to exactly what caused the injury, although there was some disputed evidence that the plaintiff bumped the timbers with a heavily loaded hand truck. The trial court directed the verdict for defendants. This court reversed, holding that there was enough evidence to allow a jury to infer that the timbers had been stacked in an improper and negligent manner. In so holding the court stated, at page 522:
"It is a principle quite well established that where a machine or appliance, under the management of defendant, inflicts an injury by reason of an abnormal and unexpected movement which could not have taken place had there been proper care exercised in its management or supervision, the very fact of the abnormal action, in the absence of satisfactory explanation, affords evidence of lack of such care."
The court went on to deny the defendant's claim that the testimony of plaintiff bumping the timber precluded application of the res ipsa doctrine, page 522:
"It will not do to say that, because three witnesses testified that the front wheels and handle of the truck swung around and struck the timbers, the fall of the top timber is satisfactorily explained and the principle of res ipsa loquitur does not apply. In the first place, the plaintiff and his helper testify directly that the truck did not touch the timbers before the fall of the top timber, and we cannot say that this testimony is incredible or so at variance with undisputed physical facts as to leave no jury question. In the second place, if it be conceded that the wheel or handle of the truck did strike the timbers, the questions whether some such an occurrence ought reasonably to have been anticipated by the defendants, and, if so, whether in view of such anticipation the piling was insecurely done, would still remain. It is an undisputed fact that the timbers were large and heavy timbers weighing from 1,600 to 1,800 pounds each, and it is mere matter of common knowledge that it would take a blow of great force to make the top one fall if they were piled level and on a secure foundation. It is plainly a jury question in this case whether the blow alleged to have resulted from the slewing of the truck would have been sufficient to cause the timber to fall had the piling been properly done."
In the instant case the fertilizer bags were under exclusive control of the defendant immediately prior to the accident. Some bags fell, injuring the plaintiff. There is some evidence that the plaintiff may have contributed to causing the accident by touching or pulling the bags upon himself, and the defendant asserts that this would remove the application of res ipsa loquitur. Under Peschel the res ipsa doctrine does apply to this case, and it was up to the jury to decide whether the plaintiff's touching the fertilizer bags, if he did touch them, contributed to causing the accident. The jury decided against the defendant.
The defendant contends that the plaintiff's employer had a right to control the load of fertilizer when it was delivered to the premises and that such right of control is an important factor in the application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, and cites Goebel v. General Building Service Co. (1965), 26 Wis.2d 129, 131 N.W.2d 852, as authority for this position. The Goebel Case does state that the right to exclusive control is an important factor. This must be read to mean it is an important factor in determining whether the defendant, at the times material, did, in fact, exercise exclusive control.
The record is not clear as to whether it was the obligation of the defendant trucker or the purchaser, Lapcinski, to unload the truck, therefore we cannot conclude that the right to exclusive control passed to Lapcinski or that there was joint control. Even if Lapcinski did have a right to exclusive control it is clear that neither Lapcinski nor any of his employees had in fact exercised any control over the load of fertilizer at the time of the accident. The only employee of Lapcinski's who conceivably could have exercised any control was Welch and he had not even entered the trailer at the time of the accident. It cannot fairly be said that Lapcinski or his employee had exercised any control over the load of fertilizer at the time of the accident; the exclusive control of the instrumentality which caused the accident was still with the defendant.
We conclude that the plaintiff was entitled to a jury instruction on res ipsa loquitur and that under the evidence in the record the jury could infer that the defendant was negligent in the manner in which the fertilizer bags were loaded.
The defendant contends that Welch was negligent as a matter of law as to lookout and in pulling one of the bags. As to both of these issues of negligence we are of the opinion that they were issues of fact for the jury and that there is sufficient credible evidence to sustain the jury's finding of no negligence on the part of the plaintiff.
Welch testified that he looked into the trailer when Williams opened the door (there are no windows in the trailer), and that the bags appeared to be loaded in a normal manner. He further testified that he did not look when he was about to jump into the trailer. In view of the fact that he had no warning of any unusual situation or condition, we believe the question as to sufficiency of his lookout was for the jury.
The evidence is not conclusive as to whether he even touched one of the fertilizer bags, and certainly it is not conclusive that he pulled one out of the stack or bump. The bags did not have handles, and each one weighed 80 pounds. If he did touch or pull on a bag it was about in the middle of the bump with three or four bags on top of it. If the bump was properly loaded it would take considerable force to dislodge the center bag. The jury could well, within their province, find that Welch was not negligent in pulling one of the bags of fertilizer.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.