Thos. S. Ford and Benj. Curler, and W. A. Sleep, in pro. per., for Appellants:

STATEMENT OF FACTS.

The complaint in this action contains two counts — one for ejectment, and one for an injunction.

The case was brought in Washoe county by plaintiff Wedekind, to recover possession of a portion of an alleged mining location called the Safeguard Mining Claim.

This mining location ran diagonally northwest and southeast, across the corner common to sections 28, 29, 32 and 33, township 20 north, range 20 east, situated about four miles north of Reno.

The center of the alleged location was laid in section 28, and as described in the complaint. A triangular piece of said location — about 1½ acres — was included within section 32. Another triangular piece — about 2¾ acres — was included within section 28. The balance of the location was included within sections 29 and 33.

The complaint alleged that defendants had entered upon the ledge of the Safeguard, within the confines of section 32, and had mined thereon, and ousted plaintiff from a portion of said ledge and asked for the recovery of possession, and an injunction.

Defendants Bell and Sleep, the only real persons named in the complaint, answered the complaint, denying all the material allegations of the complaint, except their possession of a portion of section 32, and this portion, owned and occupied by them, was the land affected by the controversy.

The answer also interposed a special defense, to wit: That long prior to the discovery of any mineral in said neighborhood, in 1881, James Conroy had entered the northeast quarter of section 32, under the desert land act of Congress, and had paid for the land in that year (1881), receiving his certificate of payment, and thereby making him the equitable owner thereof. That in 1890 the government had issued its patent for the land; that Conroy had died; that prior to his death he had filed a homestead thereon, under state law; that after his death the land had been set aside by judgment of the probate court to his surviving widow, Delia Conroy, and that Delia Conroy had conveyed to defendant Bell. It is also alleged that in the year 1876 (long prior to the discovery of mineral) section 33 had been patented by the government to the Central Pacific Railroad Company, a corporation; that the corporation had conveyed the land to one Frazer; that Frazer had conveyed said section 33 to plaintiff Wedekind, prior to the time he made his mining location. The answer also alleged that section 29 was unpatented railroad land.

It will thus be seen that, upon the pleadings and judgment roll, the question was squarely presented, whether plaintiff could locate patented government land, containing a ledge having an apex thereon, and follow the ledge into adjoining agricultural ground, both patents having been granted prior to the discovery of mineral. This was especially true, as on the trial the evidence showed that plaintiff's works and improvements were on 33, and defendants' works and improvements were on 32 and the alleged ledge, running from 33 to 32.

During the progress of the trial in the court below, the plaintiff amended his complaint by alleging that that portion of the Safeguard ledge which entered 32 had its apex upon 33. This narrowed the issue upon this question to this precise point, and the only claim by plaintiff was that a mining location, under the laws of Congress, could be made upon private patented land, and the ledge followed by the locator into adjoining patented land.

The Safeguard location was made April 10, 1901, and on April 15th the complaint was filed, and a temporary restraining order issued against defendants. About one month thereafter the matter was heard by the lower court upon the question whether a temporary injunction should be issued pending the trial. This hearing necessarily involved the merits, and the injunction was denied. Thereafter the case came regularly on for trial before Judge Talbot, and upon the trial of the case judgment was given in plaintiff's favor.

This judgment is to the effect that there is a ledge upon the Safeguard, having its apex in section 33, which enters section 32; that the plaintiff is the owner of this ledge, and can follow it into 32, and oust the defendants from the ledge, giving it to plaintiff, and restrains defendants from working it.

But the judgment also decrees that defendants are the owners of the surface of section 32 and all mineral and ledges in 32, except the Safeguard ledge, which has its apex in 33.

Thereafter, due proceedings were had on motion for a new trial, which motion was overruled, and this appeal is taken from the judgment and order overruling the motion for a new trial.

ARGUMENT FOR APPELLANTS.

I. Even if section 33 had been public mineral land of the United States, upon which a mining location could be made, the plaintiff could not follow his ledge under a prior agricultural patent in section 32. It has been so held. ( Amador Medean G. M. Co. v. South Spring Hill G. M. Co., 36 Fed. 668, 13 Saw. 523; Pacific Coast M. M. Co. v. Spargo, 16 Fed. 348, 8 Saw. 647.)

II. The common-law rule governs mining land. In the court below respondents claimed that Mr. Lindley, in his work on mines, disapproved of Judge Sawyer's reasoning in the case of Amador v. South, etc., 8 Saw. 523, to the effect that the right to follow a vein is an easement, Mr. Lindley claiming that it is an estate in adjoining land. (Lindley on Mines, vol. 2, sec. 612, p. 761.) But Mr. Lindley's views are not approved by the courts. But the question is fully discussed in the case of Duggan v. Davey, 26 N. W. R. 890-3, and the conclusion is reached that the owner of a mining claim owns everything from the boundary lines down vertically to the center of the earth — subject to the right of his adjoining mine owner to follow his ledge, and with the right to follow his own ledge beyond his side lines, into his adjoining mine owner. That case is approved and commented on by Judge Ross in Doe v. Waterloo, 54 Fed. Rep. 937; approved also in 16 Fed. 348, and 36 Fed. 668.

III. In the case of Stanley v. Mineral Union, 26 Nev. 64, where a similar question is raised, Justice Massey, speaking for the court, says: "A large number of authorities are cited by the appellant to support this contention, and, in a proper case, would control, but as the cases cited do not, as we believe, apply to the case at bar, we do not deem it necessary to disscuss or review them. The question must be determined, as we view it, by the application of certain statutory rules, the enactment of our legislature." That is to say, where the right is claimed to locate mineral upon state lands, it is simply a question of what the state legislature has enacted. But where the party claims the grant direct from Congress the state enactments have no application. We deem the present action "a proper case," within the meaning of that decision, wherein the adjudicated cases are applicable.

IV. In the eye of the law, sections 32 and 33 contain no mineral or ledges; the law does not recognize proof that such mineral exists, after the patents have been exhibited in evidence. ( Standard Quicksilver CO. V. Habisha, 132 Cal. 115; Wormouth v. Gardner, 112 Cal. 510; Cowell v. Lammers, 21 Fed. Rep. 206; Richards v. Dower, 81 Cal. 54; Iron Silver Co. v. Mike Starr Co., 143 U. S. 404; Eureka Case, 4 Saw. 320.)

V. The United States Supreme Court said, in Deffebeck v. Hawke: "If, upon the premises at that time there were not actual `known mines,' capable of being profitably worked for their product so as to make the land more valuable for mining than for agriculture, a title to them acquired under the preemption act cannot be successfully assailed." ( Cole v. United States, 123 U. S. 307, 326; Richards v. Dower, 81 Cal. 44; U. S. v. Reed, 28 Fed. 482; Gold Hill v. Ish, 5 Or. 104; In re Abercrombie, 6 L. D. 393; Bellows v. Champion, 4 Copp's L. O. 17; Nancy Ann Case, 3 L. D. 169; Hamish v. Wallace, 13 L. D. 108.) It is a general rule, applicable to all classes of grants, that the subsequent discovery of mineral cannot affect the title as it passed at the time of the grant. ( Davis v. Wiebold, 139 U. S. 507; Deffebeck v. Hawke, 115 U. S. 404; Hunt v. Steese, 75 Cal. 620; Richards v. Dower, 151 U. S. 658; Smith v. Hill, 89 Cal. 122.) Discoveries made after title has passed from the United States, by which the land becomes profitable to work as a mine, cannot affect the title. ( Colorado Co. v. United States, 123 U. S. 307; Deffebeck v. Hawke, 115 U. S. 392.) Where certificate of final agricultural entry has been issued, no subsequent discovery of mineral can defeat the title of the holder. ( Arthur v. Early, 21 L. D. 92; Ray v. Stevenson, 15 L. D. 37.)

VI. Even if section 33 were government land of the United States, subject to location under the mineral laws, and plaintiff had a ledge or surface apex, he could not dip under section 32, when the latter section was not known to contain mineral the time the patent was issued. The point has been clearly and definitely settled by two decisions of high authority: Amador v. South Spring Hill, 36 Fed. 668; Pacific Coast v. Spargo, 16 Fed. 348.

VII. In all of the following cases attempts were made to locate mines upon patented ground, or beneath patented ground, where a railroad, town site, or agricultural patent had been granted, and in each and every case the court held against the mineral claimants. ( Carter v. Thompson, 65 Fed. 329; Buena Vista v. Solari, 67 Fed. 226; Dower v. Richards, 151 U. S. 653; Richards v. Dower, 81 Cal. 44; Gale v. Best, 73 Cal. 235; Smith v. Hill, 89 Cal. 122; McCormick v. Sutton, 97 Cal. 573; Cowell v. hammers, 21 Fed. 200; Pacific Coast v. Spargo, 16 Fed. 348; Standard Co. v. Habishaw, 132 Cal. 115; Railroad Co. v. Whitney, 132 U.S. 357; Railroad Co. v. Dunneyer, 113 U. S. 629; Carroll v. Safford, 3 How. 441; Witherspoon v. Duncan, 4 Wall. 218; Wilcox v. Jackson, 13 Pet. 513.)

VIII. It is a well-settled principle of law that the decisions of the land department, upon questions of fact, are conclusive when brought to notice in a collateral proceeding. ( Shepley v. Cowell, 91 U. S. 330; Quinby v. Connelly, 104 U. S. 427; U. S. v. Budd, 144 U. S. 168; Johnson v. Cowsley, 13 Wall. 72; Warren v. Van Brunt, 19 Wall. 648; Moore v. Robbins, 96 U. S. 530.)

IX. Only unoccupied and unappropriated mineral lands of the United States are open to exploration and survey. ( Armstrong v. Lower, 6 Colo. 393; Henshaw v. Clark, 14 Cal. 461; Soggs v. Merced, 14 Cal. 279; U. S. v. Castilero, 2 Black. 717; 3 Wall. 304.) The land patented to the C. P. R. R. Co. was private land, and the exemption of mineral in that grant, as well as others, must be determined by the law, and not by the clauses inserted in the patent. This question is reviewed in Cowell v. Lammers, 21 Fed. 200, and in that case it is held that the clause in the railroad patent, excluding all mineral lands, "should any such be found to exist," is void. The railroad company could not have acquired any extralateral rights under the mineral laws, after the patent had been issued, and their grantees are in no better position.

X. The issuance of the first patent is a conclusive adjudication that there is no mineral beneath the surface, and that the patent is conclusive of the fact, and binding on the courts. ( Gale v. Best, 78 Cal. 235; Irvine v. Talbot, 105 Cal. 237; Dreyfuss v. Badger, 108 Cal. 65; French v. Fyan, 93 U. S. 169; Johnson v. Towsley, 13 Wall. 72; Moore v. Roberts, 96 U. S..; St. Louis CO. v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 636; Steel v: Smelting Co., 106 U. S. 447; Butte v. Sloan, 40 Pac. 217; Perley's Park v. Kerr, 130 U. S. 256; Dahl v. Ramheim, 132 U. S. 260.)

XI. It is a well-settled principle of law that no rights to mineral land can be initiated by trespass. ( Cowell v. Lammers, 21 Fed. 203; Atherton v. Fowler, 96 U. S. 513; Hosmer v. Wallace, 97 U. S. 579; Quinby v. Conlan, 104 U. S. 421; Dole v. Meador, 16 Cal. 320.)

XII. A mining claim, in actual possession of the claimants, is valid, irrespective of the mining laws. ( Campbell v. Rankin, 99 U. S. 262; English v. Johnson, 17 Cal. 107; Rogers v. Cooney, 7 Nev. 219; Table Mt. v. Stranahan, 20 Cal. 209; Hess v. Winder, 30 Cal. 355; Worth N. M. Co. v. Orient M. Co., 11 Fed. 128.)

W. E. F. Deal, of Counsel, for Appellants:

I. The United States land office did, on or prior to the issuance to James Conroy of the register's receipt on January 3, 1881, determine and decide that the northeast quarter of section 32, township 20, was non-mineral land subject to purchase and sale, and this decision is such a conclusive adjudication of the character of the land that no court can or will question it, it being a determination of a question of fact within the jurisdiction of the land office exclusively.

II. "When the law has confided to a special tribunal the authority to hear and determine certain matters arising in the course of its duties, the decision of that tribunal, within the scope of its authority, is conclusive upon all others." ( 80 U. S. p. 83; French v. Fyan, 93 U. S. 171; Smelting Co. v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 465; Steel v. Smelting Co., 106 U. S. 451; Baldwin v. Stark, 107 U. S. 465; Iron S. M. Co. v. Campbell, 107 U. S. 303; Heath v. Wallace, 138 U. S. 585; U. S. v. California Land Co., 148 U. S. 44.)

III. A complete title in fee simple passed to James Conroy and heirs to the northeast quarter of section 32 on February 11, 1890, when the patent was signed and recorded in the department of the interior at Washington City. ( Houghton v. Harding, 53 Cal. 181; Cruz v. Martinez, 53 Cal. 239; Ellzrath v. Ryan, 89 Cal. 188; Teschmeyer v. Thompson, 18 Cal. 11; U. S. v. Schurz, 102 U. S. 378.)

IV. The patent to James Conroy contained the following reservations: "Subject to any vested and accrued water rights for mining, agricultural, manufacturing, or other purposes, and rights to ditches and reservoirs used in connection with such water rights as may be recognized and acknowledged by the local customs, laws and decisions of courts, and also subject to the rights of the proprietor of a vein or lode to extract and remove his ore therefrom, should the same be found to penetrate or intersect the premises hereby granted, as provided by law." The reservation emphasized commencing with the words "and also" is absolutely null and void, as it was wholly unauthorized by the act under which the land was entered and purchased. ( Deffeback v. Hawke, 115 U. S. 406; Davis v. Weibold, 139 U. S. 528; Shaw v. Kellog, 170 U. S. 338.) The Supreme Court of the United States Has never changed or modified the principles established by the above authorities, as they clearly point out in Shaw v. Kellog in discussing the opinion rendered by that court in the case of Barden v. Northern Pacific R. R. Co., 154 U. S. 288. They say: "But there was no division of opinion as to the question that when the legal title did pass, and it passed unquestionably by the patent — it passed free from the contingency of the future discovery of mineral." ( Shaw v. Kellog, 170 U. S. 339.) To use the language of the Supreme Court of the United States in Shaw v. Kellog, page 339, the title "passed free from the contingency of future discovery of minerals."

Bigelow Dorsey, for Respondent:

I. It seems to be well and firmly settled that possession of the surface where a vein apexes is possession of the whole vein, and will support an action for trespass upon the vein after it has passed through the side lines. ( Montana M. Co. v. St. Louis M. Co., 102 Fed. 430, 435; Bullion M. Co. v. Crœsus M. Co., 2 Nev. 168, 178; Hyman v. Wheeler, 29 Fed. 347; Pardee v. Murray, 2 Pac. 16, 4 Mont. 234; Mining Co. v. Cheeseman, 116 U. S. 533.)

II. The owner of a mine in the lands of another has a right to enter and work them, "without the concurrence of the owner of the surface," and that no trespass is thereby committed. (Rockwell, 520; Earl of Cardigan v. Armitage, 2 Ban. Cres. 197; 3 Dumford East, 414.)

III. A location of a mining claim by an alien is free from attack from anyone except the government, and he may hold his interest as against all the world save the United States after ore is found. ( McKinley Creek M. Co. v. Alaska United M. Co., decided January 6, 1902, advance sheet Sup. Ct. Rep. Jan. 15, 1902; Tornanses v. Melsing, 109 Fed. 710; Billings v. Aspen M. Co., 51 Fed. 338, 344; 52 Fed. 250-1; Lone Jack M. Co. v. Megginson, 82 Fed. 89, 93; Wilson v. Triumph Con. M. Co., 56 Pac. 300-2; Manuel v. Wulff, 152 U. S. 505; Cræsus M. Co. v. Colorado Co., 19 Fed. 78, 82; Ferguson v. Neville, 61 Cal. 356, 359; Cornian M. Co. v. Alexander, 2 So. Dak. 557; 51 N.W.346; Wulff v. Manuel, 9 Mont. 274; 23 Pac. 723; 1 Lindley on Mines, sec. 234.)

IV. We claim that lodes or veins, having their apex outside of the agricultural grant are (to the extent that such lodes or veins, on their course downward underlie it) reserved by law out of such grant. Nor does this doctrine militate against the rule of law we may admit as established, that the patent is conclusive evidence of the character of the land. The land covered by the agricultural patent may be conclusively deemed to be agricultural, but this does not imply that a lode under its surface, apexing outside of it, cannot be reserved without impeaching the patent and changing the legal character of the land. The two titles — that of the vein and that of the agricultural surface — may coexist without conflicting in a legal sense.

V. The appellants have no title to the segment of the vein beneath the surface of section 32 because its apex lies wholly within respondent's premises. ( Tyler M. Co. v. Last Chance M. Co., 71 Fed. 848; Tyler M. Co. v. Sweeney, 54 Fed. 292; Last Chance M. Co. v. Tyler, 61 Fed. 564; Consal Wyoming M. Co. v. Champion, 63 Fed. 541, 546; Del Monte M. Co. v. New York, 66 Fed. 212; Fitzgerald v. Clark, 42 Pac. 73.) All these authorities hold that "if there is any right emphatically granted by the mining laws, it is one in direct contravention of the common law." See, also, Jones v. Prospect Mountain Tunnel Co., 21 Nev. 339; Roxina G. M. T. Co. v. Cone, 100 Fed. 168; Driscoll v. Dunwoody, 16 Pac. 726; Montana Co. v. Clark, 42 Fed. 626; Reynolds v. Iron Silver M. Co., 116 U. S. 687, which case at page 690 says: "Whether the defendant has title or is a mere trespasser, it is certain that he is in possession, and that is a sufficient defense against one who has no title at all and never had any."

VI. It is too plain to require argument that the general policy of the government has been to reserve mines from the operation of all grants of land west of the one hundredth meridian, whether to the several states, in aid of the construction of railroads, or under any of the settlement acts. "The uniform reservation of mineral lands from survey, from sale, from preemption and from all grants, whether for railroad, public buildings or other purposes, fixed and settled the policy of the government in relation to such lands." (1 Lindley on Mines, sec. 47.) As the paramount proprietor, with all the rights of dominion and powers of alienation that are incident to absolute ownership in individuals ( Lux v. Haggin, 69 Cal. 225), the government has adopted, prescribed and authorized the fixing of rules which sanction and regulate the acquisition and enjoyment of mineral lands and mining right. Those rules originated in and are evidenced and expressed by: 1 — Local rules and customs; 2 — State legislation; 3 — Acts of Congress.

VII. Now, what objection, on principle, can there be to the doctrine of the cases we have referred to on this branch of the case? Under the law of Congress, the right of the owner of even a lode mining claim is expressly restricted to such veins, lodes or ledges as have their tops or apexes inside of the surface lines of their claims extended vertically downward. The grant is only of the veins which have their tops within the claim; it excludes all veins or lodes which have their tops outside of the claim, although in their depths they enter such ground. Such being the law applicable to lode claims, a fortiori, is it the law as applied to agricultural land? Certainly there is greater room for contending that a lode passes to the mining than to the agricultural applicant for patent. Assuredly there is more reason for contending that the patentee of a mining claim (whose sole object in obtaining his title was to get, and the only value of whose ground lies in, the precious metals from the veins discovered therein) is entitled to such veins where they are not owned by some other locator or patentee, than there is for holding that the patentee of agricultural lands (sold and bought for agricultural purposes alone, upon presumption and under sworn proof that they were non-mineral in character) is entitled to any vein apexing elsewhere. To put it otherwise, it is apparent that the substance of the grant of mineral lands, is the mineral — the ore beneath the surface ( Calhoun G. M. Co. v. Ajax G. M. Co., advance sheets U. S. Sup. Ct. Rep. July 1, 1901, p. 890; Johnson v. Parks, 10 Cal. 447), while the reverse is the case in respect to agricultural lands, where the surface is the principal thing, and yet, as we have shown, the courts hold, as between mineral claimants, that the mere possession of an apex, without extralateral right, without any title, may follow the vein beneath the mining patent. Then why not beneath the agricultural grant? The reason of the matter lies in the fact that the vein is an entity — it is an entire thing. Something must fix and determine its ownership or possession. That something has been made, by custom, rule and legislation, its apex. Whoever own that, or is in possession of that, is entitled to its extralateral pursuit. When a tract of land is located or sold the government retains the ownership of, and complete control over, all veins which apex elsewhere, and nothing can be clearer than that the grantee of the government should succeed to its rights and titles in this regard.

VIII. Our examination of the questions involved in the case at bar has developed the fact that counsel engaged in the trial of such cases, and courts in deciding them, while discussing the incidents of the ownership of veins, or of land containing them, frequently refer to the common-law rule of usque ad caelum et ad orcum, and draw the conclusion that our mining customs and laws, which award the right to pursue veins from their apexes beyond the vertical planes drawn through surface boundaries, are in contravention of the common law. "Strictly speaking, this is inaccurate. The grant of the right of lateral pursuit is, in legal effect, a severance of the estate in the vein from the ownership of the soil into which it penetrates after passing beyond the vertical planes drawn through the surface boundaries of the location or patent. The government being the owner of the fee may carve from it the ownership of the vein. It may grant the surface to one and the vein to another. There was nothing in the common law which prohibits this severance. In fact, it was expressly sanctioned. Instead of being in derogation of the common law, this class of grants is in absolute harmony with it. * * * This dip or extralateral right is not a mere easement. The estate thus granted in the vein is of the same dignity as that of a title in fee. It is a title in fee as to the vein granted." (2 Lindley, sec. 568.) That's the point — the sword which severs the Gordian knot. The estate in the vein, when obtained by location or possession of the apex, is in the nature of, and when obtained by ownership of the ground embracing the apex is absolutely, a fee simple estate in an entire thing.

IX. Of course the appellants take refuge behind the doctrine that the issuance of patent is a conclusive determination by the government that the land is agricultural, and that it is not competent to reopen the question of the character of the land. In Smelting Co. v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 636, the court says, on page 646: "A patent, in a court of law, is conclusive of all matters properly determinable by the land department. * * * Indeed the doctrine as to the regularity and validity of its acts, where it has jurisdiction, goes so far that if, in any circumstances under existing law, a patent would be held valid, it will be presumed that such circumstance existed." ( Gale v. Best, 78 Cal. 240; Peabody Gold M. Co. v. Gold Hill M. Co., 111 Fed. 817-819.) As said in Gale v. Bent, 78 Cal. 23.1, by the court, on page 241: "It was a part of the description of the land conveyed, and it may be strongly argued that, in such case, although it was the duty of the land department to determine the character of the land before the issuance of the patent, yet, as the patent shows upon its face that such duty was not performed, the patentee must be held to have taken knowing its uncertain and unsubstantial character." In Reynolds v. Iron Silver M. Co., 116 U. S. 687, the court, on page 607, said: "Without deciding on the effect of the acceptance without protest of a patent, with such exceptions in the granting clause, where their execution is the voluntary act of the officers who execute the instrument, it is sufficient to say that these conditions but give expression to the intent of the statute."

X. We claim that ( a) by the common law of England, mines of precious metals by grant from the sovereigns never passed unless expressly mentioned and expressly provided. ( b) There is no national common law. ( c) The doctrine of intralimital rights is repugnant to and inconsistent with the mining customs and laws of the State of Nevada, ( d) That the construction, force and effect of patents must be had and determined under and according to the laws of the state where the real estate is situated.

XI. "The right of property in all mines of gold and silver within the realm, whether they be in the lands of the crown or of the subject, is vested, prima facie, in the crown by prerogative." ( Case of Mines, Plowd. 236; Case of Saltpetre, 12 Rep. 12; Bainbridge on Mines, pp. 4, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35; Moore v. Smaw, 17 Cal. 220.)

XII. There is no national common law; though, herein, each state has its own common law. ( Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet. U. S. 658; Smith v. Alabama, 124 U. S. 478; U. S. v. Reed, 53 U. S. 12 How. 363; Forepaugh v. Delaware R. R. Co., 15 Am. St. 674.)

XIII. In Lilliebridge v. Lackawanna Coal Co., 143 Pa. St. 293, the court held that: "We have for nearly half a century judicially regarded the ownership of mineral, where it has been severed from the surface, as the ownership of land, to all intents and purposes." ( Caldwell v. Copeland, 37 Pa. St. 427; Scranton v. Phillips, 94 Pa. St. 15; Sanderson v. Scranton, 105 Pa. St. 460; Delaware R. R. Co. v. Sanderson, 109 Pa. St. 583; Williams v. Gibson, 84 Ala. 228; Marvin v. Brewster, 55 N. Y. 538; Rickman v. Gillis, 57 N. Y. 68; Benavides v. Hunt, 69 Tex. 383; Silva v. Rankin, 80 6a. 79; Knight v. Indiana Co., 47 Ind. 105; Arnold v. Stevens, 24 Pick. 106; Hartwell v. Camman, 10 N. J. 128; Massot v. Moses, 3 S. C. 168.)

XIV. The Supreme Court of the United States gave full recognition to the binding force of the local rules, regulations, usages and customs before the sanction of federal statutory enactment, and to the doctrine that they constitute the American common law of mines. ( Sparrow v. Strong, 3 Wall. 97, decided in 1865; Jamison v. Kirk, 98 U. S. 453, decided in 1878; King v. Edwards, 1 Mont. 239; Atchison v. Peters, 20 Wall. 510.) And that doctrine has been approved and adopted as the law of Nevada. ( Reno Works v. Stevenson, 20 Nev. 274.)

XV. In United States v. Douglas-William Sartoris Co., 2 N. Y., the court, on page 293, says: "It is no longer a question open to dispute that, when the government becomes a party to a contract between itself and its citizens, it divests itself of its sovereignty in respect to the terms and conditions of the contract, its construction and interpretation, and stands in the same position with reference to the contract as a private individual." (Citing Com. v. Proprietors, 2 Gray, 350; Hamilton, Works, vol. 3, p. 518; Biddle Boggs v. Merced M. Co., 14 Cal. 376.) It is perfectly clear that no title to lands can be acquired or passed unless according to the laws of the state in which the same are situate. ( Clark v. Graham, 6 Wheat. 579; 3 Washburn on Real Property, 238.) It is a principle firmly established, says the Supreme Court in DeVaughan v. Hutchinson, 165 U. S. 570. ( U. S. v. Crosby, 7 Cranch, 115; Clark v. Graham, 6 Wheat. 577; McGood v. Scales, 9 Wall. 23, Brine v. Ins. Co., 96 U. S. 627; Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S. 174; Moseby v. Barron, 52 Tex. 396; Osborne v. McCartney, 121 Ill. 408.)

Thos. Wren, also for Respondent:

I. It goes without saying that the Supreme Court of the United States will, upon the authorities cited, adopt the decisions of this court settling the extralateral rights of miners under the statutes of this state, and of the United States, and the common law established by the universal custom of the miners on this coast, giving extralateral rights, for more than fifty years, and in Nevada from the meeting of the first legislature after its organization as a territory, and continued and enlarged by state legislation ever since the admission of the state into the union.

II. Logically, when the common law was adopted by the legislature of the Territory of Nevada and subsequently by the state legislature, it was adopted subject to the rules, regulations and customs of the miners, and those laws, regulations and customs have continued in force ever since, and are now in force in this state, unless they have been in some way modified or abolished by state or national legislation.

III. "The intent of the legislature controls the court not only in the construction of an act, but also in determining whether a former law is repealed or not." ( Thorp v. Schooling, 7 Nev. 15; State v. Ross, 20 Nev. 61; Maynard v. Newman, 1 Nev. 271.)

IV. "When the law is doubtful it is the duty of the court to adopt that construction which will be the least likely to produce mischief, and which will afford the most complete protection to all parties." ( Arnold v. Stevenson, 2 Nev. 234; Haydon v. Board of Supervisors, 2 Nev. 371; O'Neil v. N. Y. M. Co., 3 Nev. 141.)

V. "Statutes relating to the same subject matter, which can stand together, should be so construed as to make each effective." ( State v. Hoover, 5 Nev. 141; State v. Rogers, 10 Nev. 319.)

VI. When a law is capable of two constructions without doing violence to the language used, courts should give it such construction as will be most beneficial to the public. ( Haydon v. Ormsby Co., 2 Nev. 371; O'Neil v. N. Y. S. P. M. Co., 3 Nev. 141; Odd Fellows' Bank v. Quillen, 11 Nev. 117.)

VII. The mining act of Congress, I contend, reserved all lodes from sale, having their top or apex outside of a patented mining claim, or an agricultural patent, and on its dip penetrating either the mineral patent or the agricultural patent.

VIII. Did the Central Pacific Railroad Company acquire title to that portion of the lode in controversy having its top or apex in section 33, with extralateral rights to the lode on its dip? If it did, Wedekind, the successor to the title acquired by the railroad company, became the owner of that portion of the lode in dispute. The respondent had been in possession of the lode in good faith under the Reno Star location, long before and at the time that Bell purchased of Mrs. Conroy the land under which the lode dipped. If title was not acquired by the respondent, through the Central Pacific Railroad or by actual possession, but all of that portion of the lode on its dip passing into and under section 32 was still in the government, having been reserved from sale under the mining act of Congress, then the respondent acquired title to that portion of the vein lying west of the west line of section 33, under the Safeguard location. ( Del Monte M. Co. v. Last Chance M. Co., 171 U. S.)