Opinion
71990.
DECIDED MARCH 3, 1986.
Rape, etc. Pickens Superior Court. Before Judge Milam.
J. Roger Thompson, for appellant.
Roger G. Queen, District Attorney, for appellee.
Rex Allen Weaver was convicted of rape, aggravated assault, burglary, false imprisonment, and possession of a knife during the commission of a felony. A motion for a new trial was granted as to the burglary conviction but denied as to the remaining convictions. This appeal followed.
At trial Weaver admitted that he had gone to the victim's home carrying a knife under his coat, gained entrance by asking to use her phone, and had sexual relations with her after brandishing the knife; however, he maintained that he believed she had consented. Shortly after the incidents occurred, the victim contacted the police and provided them with a description of her assailant. As a result, two police officers and a GBI agent subsequently appeared at Weaver's residence, where they identified themselves and were admitted by Weaver. Once inside the residence, the GBI agent informed Weaver that he wished to discuss the reported rape and advised him of his Miranda rights, whereupon, according to the officers, Weaver voluntarily made an incriminating statement to them and then consented to a search of his home, leading them both to the knife which he had brandished earlier in the victim's home and to a hunting knife which he had also had in his possession. Weaver was arrested at this time and transported to the county jail, where he made a second statement, following another Miranda warning. The clothing which he was wearing was seized, and a penile swab specimen was obtained. Held:
1. Weaver contends that all of the statements and the physical evidence should have been suppressed as the fruit of an unlawful arrest. However, the trial court was authorized to conclude from the evidence that Weaver voluntarily consented to the officer's entry into his trailer, that he then spoke with them voluntarily after being fully advised of his Miranda rights, and that he then voluntarily consented to the search of his residence. Evidence obtained as a result of a lawful consent does not require a warrant in order to be admissible. Dawson v. State, 166 Ga. App. 199 ( 303 S.E.2d 532) (1983). Based on the information provided by the victim and the evidence obtained from Weaver at his home, the officers clearly had probable cause to believe that he had committed a felony. Accordingly, the arrest was valid. See generally Mincey v. State, 251 Ga. 255 (6a) ( 304 S.E.2d 882) (1983); Durden v. State, 250 Ga. 325 (1) ( 297 S.E.2d 237) (1982). It follows that none of the evidence in question was obtained unlawfully and that the trial court did not err in denying the motion to suppress.
2. Weaver contends that the trial court erred in refusing to order a mistrial based on certain comments by the state's attorney during closing argument having reference to a movie which had been televised the night before the offenses occurred, as well as a statement that an acquittal would have the effect of returning Weaver's knife to him to be used in a future offense. At the time the motion for mistrial was made, the trial court instructed the jury that there was no evidence of any movie and that they should disregard the state's attorney's comments in this regard. The trial court further instructed the jury that they must reach a verdict solely on the basis of the evidence presented and that arguments of counsel were not evidence. These latter instructions were reiterated during the final charge.
A trial court has broad discretion in ruling on a motion for a mistrial, and this court will not disturb such ruling in the absence of a manifest abuse of that discretion which threatens the defendant's right to a fair trial. See McCormick v. State, 152 Ga. App. 14 ( 262 S.E.2d 173) (1979); Cartaya v. State, 176 Ga. App. 404 (2) ( 336 S.E.2d 324) (1985). We find the trial court's remedial instructions to the jury in the present case sufficient to insure Weaver's right to a fair trial. Accord Ritter v. State, 163 Ga. App. 158 (2) ( 293 S.E.2d 547) (1982). Moreover, in view of the overwhelming evidence of Weaver's guilt, it is highly probable that the comments of the state's attorney did not contribute to the jury's verdict. See generally Johnson v. State, 238 Ga. 59 ( 230 S.E.2d 869) (1976); Cartaya v. State, supra; Martinez v. State, 176 Ga. App. 448 (2) ( 336 S.E.2d 349) (1985).
3. Weaver contends that the trial court's charge to the jury with regard to intent was unconstitutionally burden-shifting. The trial court's charge was not phrased in terms of a rebuttable presumption, as was the charge at issue in Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. ___ ( 105 SC 1965, 85 L.Ed.2d 344) (1985), but rather in terms of a permissive inference. Consequently, it was not unconstitutionally burden-shifting. Also, the trial court specifically instructed the jury that "[a] person will not be presumed to act with criminal intention" and further charged that intent was an essential element which the state was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, this enumeration of error is without merit. Accord Lingerfelt v. State, 255 Ga. 180 (4) ( 336 S.E.2d 250) (1985); Heard v. State, 175 Ga. App. 793 ( 334 S.E.2d 374) (1985).
4. Weaver contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a directed verdict of acquittal with respect to the charges of aggravated assault, false imprisonment, and possession of a knife during the commission of a felony, on the ground that these offenses merged with the crime of rape.
By enacting OCGA § 16-11-106, the Legislature has expressly ordained that the possession of a firearm or knife during the commission of a felony "against or involving the person of another" shall be considered a separate offense from the underlying felony. See Wiley v. State, 250 Ga. 343 (6) ( 296 S.E.2d 714) (1982); Wilson v. Zant, 249 Ga. 373 (2) ( 290 S.E.2d 442) (1982). Accordingly, the trial court did not err in refusing to grant a directed verdict of acquittal as to the charge of possession of a knife during the commission of a felony.
The only aggravated assault shown by the evidence, however, was that by which the commission of the rape was effected. Similarly, the only evidence of an unlawful detention was that used to prove the commission of the rape. Where the state "uses up" all the evidence that the defendant committed one crime in establishing another crime, the former crime must be deemed included in the latter as a matter of fact. See Haynes v. State, 249 Ga. 119 (2) ( 288 S.E.2d 185) (1982). After carefully considering the evidence adduced in the present case, we find that the offenses of aggravated assault and false imprisonment were included in the crime of rape as a matter of fact. An accused generally may not be convicted of multiple offenses arising from precisely the same conduct. See Luke v. State, 171 Ga. App. 201 (2) ( 318 S.E.2d 833) (1984). Accordingly, the convictions of aggravated assault and false imprisonment must be vacated.
Judgment affirmed as to rape and possession of a knife during the commission of a felony. Judgment vacated as to aggravated assault and false imprisonment. Birdsong, P. J., and Sognier, J., concur.