Opinion
No. 213934.
Submitted November 9, 1999, at Grand Rapids.
Decided May 30, 2000, at 9:05 a.m.
Appeal from Branch Circuit Court, Michigan, LC No. 98-005288 AW.
Bird, Svendsen, Brothers Scheske, P.C. (by Roger A. Bird), for the plaintiff. Sturgis
Beckman Lawson LLP (by Frank J. Gray and Lisa M. Green), for National Oil Gas, Inc. Fort Wayne, IN
Before: ZAHRA, P.J., and KELLY and McDONALD, JJ.
Defendant National Oil Gas, Inc. (National), appeals as of right from the trial court's injunctive order requiring National to obtain a special land-use permit for the retail sale of gasoline. We affirm.
Plaintiff owns and operates a service station with a convenience store located in Bronson. National sought to remodel existing structures on property it owned adjacent to plaintiff's, which improvements would include two fast-food restaurants, a convenience store, and eight self-serve gasoline pumps. Defendant city of Bronson issued a construction permit on its finding that the proposed construction fit within the B-3 zoning for National's property. On May 1, 1998, plaintiff sought to enjoin National from making the improvements and argued that National needed a special land-use permit to sell gasoline on the property. Plaintiff and National filed cross-motions for summary disposition, and the court heard oral arguments on June 26, 1998.
Before the court issued its ruling on the cross-motions for summary disposition, National filed a petition for a special land-use permit with the city, proposing to use the property as a convenience store with self-service gasoline sales and restaurants. After notice and public comment, the city planning commission granted the permit. The circuit court thereafter affirmed.
This Court has since granted plaintiff leave to appeal that decision in Docket No. 220921.
On August 5, 1998, the circuit court granted plaintiff's request for injunctive relief and ordered National to obtain the permit. On August 26, 1998, National filed this appeal as of right of the court's injunctive order. However, because the special-use permit had already been issued before the circuit court issued its ruling, this appeal technically is moot because National essentially has gotten the relief its seeks, i.e., permission to conduct retail sales of gasoline from its property. Michigan Nat'l Bank v. St Paul Fire Marine Ins Co, 223 Mich. App. 19, 21; 566 N.W.2d 7 (1997). Nevertheless, because the proliferation of combined gasoline station/convenience store/restaurants makes it likely that the issues presented here will arise again, we will address National's claims. In re Parole of Franciosi, 231 Mich. App. 607, 615; 586 N.W.2d 542 (1998).
National argues that the sale of gasoline is a permitted use in a B-3 Community Commercial District for either of two reasons: (1) the retail sale of gasoline is a "retail sale" as contemplated by the zoning, or (2) it is sufficiently similar to "fuel supply yards" to be a permitted use. National also argues that the retail sale of self-service gasoline is an accessory use to convenience stores.
This Court reviews a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition de novo as a matter of law. Miller v. Farm Bureau Mut Ins Co, 218 Mich. App. 221, 233; 553 N.W.2d 371 (1996). When reviewing a decision on a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10), we must examine all relevant documentary evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party to determine whether a genuine issue of material fact exists on which reasonable minds could differ. Shirilla v. Detroit, 208 Mich. App. 434, 437; 528 N.W.2d 763 (1995). Where the moving party has produced evidence in support of the motion, the opposing party bears the burden of producing evidence to establish that a genuine question of material fact exists. MCR 2.116(G)(4). A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support for a claim and should be granted only when it is impossible for the claim to be supported at trial because of a deficiency that cannot be overcome. Holland v. Liedel, 197 Mich. App. 60, 64; 494 N.W.2d 772 (1992).
The rules applicable to statutory construction also apply to the construction of ordinances. Albright v. Portage, 188 Mich. App. 342, 350; 470 N.W.2d 657 (1991). Thus, the primary goal of the interpretation of ordinances is to give effect to the intent of the legislative body. Farrington v. Total Petroleum, Inc, 442 Mich. 201, 212; 501 N.W.2d 76 (1993). We must first examine the specific language used by the legislative body in the ordinance. House Speaker v. State Administrative Bd, 441 Mich. 547, 567; 495 N.W.2d 539 (1993). If the plain and ordinary language is clear, then judicial construction is normally neither necessary nor permitted. Lorencz v. Ford Motor Co, 439 Mich. 370, 376; 483 N.W.2d 844 (1992). We review a lower court's interpretation of the meaning of an ordinance de novo. Ballman v. Borges, 226 Mich. App. 166, 168; 572 N.W.2d 47 (1997).
The trial court found that although the inartfully drafted ordinance left something to the imagination, the umbrella of "retail sales" was not so broad as to cover the sale of gasoline. The court found that the drafters of the ordinance contemplated two distinct forms of commerce: the traditional gasoline service station and other retail operations, such as clothing stores. The court ruled that the nongasoline retail functions of the facility, i.e., convenience store, restaurant, and Laundromat, were clearly permitted under the B-3 zoning. However, to the extent that the operation contemplated the sale of gasoline, a special-use permit was required. We agree.
The zoning ordinance allows "retail sales" and "fuel . . . supply yards" without restriction within a district zoned B-3. Bronson Zoning Ordinance, § 25-B. However, the B-3 zoning does not specifically include "gasoline station" or "service station" within the list of permitted uses. We will not legislate by adding language to the ordinance to include gasoline stations or service stations within the B-3 zoning. Empire Iron Mining Partnership v. Orhanen, 455 Mich. 410, 421; 565 N.W.2d 844 (1997).
On the contrary, the zoning ordinance expressly requires a special-use permit for service stations located within a B-3 district: "No land or building shall be used as a service station or an automobile repair shop unless located in the B-2, B-3 or I Districts as a Special Land use. . . ." Bronson Zoning Ordinance, § 112-I. The Bronson zoning ordinance defines "gasoline service station" as "[a]ny building or structure designed or used for the retail sale or supply of fuels, lubricants, air, water or other operating commodities for motor vehicles, and including the customary space and facilities for the installation or furnishing of such commodities. . . ." Bronson Zoning Ordinance, § 05-V.
The Bronson ordinance separately defines "garage service" as "[a]ny building or structure designed or used for the hire, sale, storage, service, repair or refurbishing of motor vehicles. . . ." Bronson Zoning Ordinance, § 05-U.
National argues that the special land-use requirement does not apply to its proposed development because the retail sale of gasoline does not fall under the definition of "service station" because no vehicles will be serviced at the location. We find this argument unpersuasive.
The phrase "gasoline service station" is plain and unambiguous. As noted by the Supreme Court of New Jersey:
[T]he words "service station" mean a place where service is rendered, and, taken in connection with the words "motor vehicles," must mean any place where service is customarily rendered to motor vehicles. Undoubtedly the phrase comprehends a place at which automobiles or motor vehicles are given service, even though it consist only of supplying them directly with oil, gas, and accessories. [ Bauer v. Bd of Fire Police Comm'rs, 102 N.J.L. 235, 238; 132 A 515 (1926) (emphasis added)].
Decisions from other jurisdictions in related contexts have generally held that the clause "service station" includes places where gasoline, oil, and other automobile necessities are sold without a requirement that automobiles also be repaired or maintained. Hammond, Indiana v. Indiana's Last Real Estate Development Corp, 923 F. Supp. 1097, 1100-1101 (ND IN, 1996) (term "motor vehicle service" includes both gasoline sales and automobile repair); Eubanks v. Bd of Adjustment, Kirkwood, 768 S.W.2d 624, 628 (Mo App, 1989) (convenience store with gasoline pumps more closely resembled service station than food store under ordinance); Southland Corp v. Minneapolis, 279 N.W.2d 822, 826 (Minn, 1979) (service station includes places where gasoline is sold); V S H Realty, Inc v. Zoning Hearing Bd of Sharon Hill, 27 Pa. Commw. 32, 35; 365 A.2d 670 (1976) (plain meaning of term as listed in Webster's Dictionary includes the retail sale of gasoline); Alberga v. Pennsylvania Indemnity Corp, 114 Pa. Super. 42, 48; 173 A 697 (1934) (service station means place where service is rendered, even if only by supplying oil, gasoline, and accessories). This Court, in the context of a restrictive covenant, has held that the construction of underground gasoline storage tanks and an the installation of pumps for the sale of gasoline in conjunction with an automobile wash business constitutes a service station. Sun Oil Co v. Trent Auto Wash, Inc, 23 Mich. App. 78, 80; 178 N.W.2d 88 (1970). We agree.
Like National, the plaintiff in Southland Corp, supra, who was the owner of a 7-Eleven convenience store, argued that self-service pumps are not "automobile service stations" because no automobile maintenance or service is provided and because the 7-Eleven store was not primarily engaged in the business of servicing automobiles. The Supreme Court of Minnesota held that a self-service gasoline dispensing facility at a 7-Eleven convenience store was an automobile service station within the meaning of the city's urban renewal plan. We find the Minnesota court's reasoning applicable here:
To adopt a view that automobile service stations must fit the historic concept of such facilities is to . . . ignore the facts as they exist today. The traditional separation of services is now blurred as many facilities which would originally have qualified as service stations . . . would be jeopardized because of the variety of merchandising that occurs at such facilities and the elimination of any traditional services at such facilities. Likewise, self-service gasoline sales have become a large part of the industry. [ Southland Corp, supra at 825-826.]
The proposed retail sale of gasoline unquestionably is a special use for land located within the B-3 district as contemplated by Bronson Zoning Ordinance, §§ 25-C and 112-I. There is no requirement in the ordinance that the facility also provide repair or maintenance services, or that the building be used primarily for the retail sale of gasoline, to constitute a special use. Under the clear language of the ordinance and the ordinary understanding of the phrase "gasoline service station," National was required to obtain a special-use permit for its proposed retail sale of gasoline.
National also argues that the retail sale of gasoline was a permitted "accessory use," which is defined as "[a]ny use customarily incidental to the main use of the premises." Bronson Zoning Ordinance, § 05-B. The trial court did not reach this issue and, because it entails a factual determination whether the sale of gasoline incidental to a restaurant, Laundromat, and convenience store is customary in Bronson, we decline to address it here.
Affirmed.