Opinion
22cv1907 (DLC)
2022-08-25
Abraneika WALTERS, Plaintiff, v. STARBUCKS CORP., Tafsir Mbodje, and Nick Tobias, Defendants.
For plaintiff: Maya Risman, Risman & Risman, P.C., 299 Broadway, Ste 17th Floor, New York, NY 10007, Evan Craig Brustein, Brustein Law PLLC, 299 Broadway, Ste 17th Floor, New York, NY 10007. For defendants: Devjani Mishra, Rebecca Ann Goldstein, Littler Mendelson, P.C., 900 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10022.
For plaintiff: Maya Risman, Risman & Risman, P.C., 299 Broadway, Ste 17th Floor, New York, NY 10007, Evan Craig Brustein, Brustein Law PLLC, 299 Broadway, Ste 17th Floor, New York, NY 10007. For defendants: Devjani Mishra, Rebecca Ann Goldstein, Littler Mendelson, P.C., 900 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10022.
OPINION AND ORDER
DENISE COTE, District Judge:
Abraneika Walters has brought this action against defendants Starbucks Corp. ("Starbucks"), Tafsir Mbodje, and Nick Tobias for sexual harassment, discrimination, and retaliation she experienced while working as a store manager at a Starbucks location. The defendants have moved to compel arbitration and dismiss the case. For the following reasons, the defendants' motion to compel arbitration is granted.
Background
Unless otherwise noted, the following facts are taken from the Complaint, and are assumed to be true for the purposes of this motion. In December 2019, Starbucks hired Walters as a store manager for one of its downtown locations ("Starbucks on Broadway"). Before starting, Walters signed the Starbucks Mutual Arbitration Agreement (the "Arbitration Agreement"). The defendants have provided a signed copy of the agreement with their motion. The Arbitration Agreement requires the parties to "use binding individual arbitration to resolve any 'Covered Claims' " that arise between them. "Covered Claims" include any claims relating to Walters's employment, "including those concerning any element of compensation, harassment, discrimination, retaliation, recovery of bonus or relocation benefits, leaves of absence, accommodations, or termination of employment."
In July of 2020, Mbodje was assigned to supervise Starbucks on Broadway. Shortly after Mbodje was assigned to the store, Walters called Mbodje to discuss concerns that another female employee had after interacting with him. Mbodje raised his voice on the call and threatened Walters' employment. Walters then contacted human resources regarding her interaction with Mbodje, but human resources never followed up with her. Several days later, Mbodje warned Walters not to make any more complaints about him.
Throughout 2020, Walters received frequent and unwelcome sexual advances from Mbodje. These interactions continued even though Walters made clear to Mbodje that she wanted to keep their relationship professional.
Walters attempted to share her discomfort with these interactions with personnel in the Starbucks human resources department at a store managers' meeting in January of 2021. Walters was told not to raise these concerns at the meeting, and to follow up with human resources separately. When she did so, human resources explained that Mbodje had said only positive things about Walters, and that the matter was therefore considered resolved. Walters then tried to raise her concerns with the Starbucks Regional Director, but the Starbucks Regional Director abruptly ended the conversation.
When Mbodje went on family leave in February 2021, Tobias took over supervising the Starbucks on Broadway. In March of 2021, Tobias told Walters that he would be conducting an investigation into an employee's complaint about her. At around that time, two employees told Walters that Mbodje and Tobias had instructed them to make false accusations about Walters during interviews. Walters provided Starbucks with statements from employees stating that they had been instructed to lie. Starbucks, however, took no action on Walters's complaint, and allowed Tobias to issue a "corrective action" against Walters. Walters complained to Starbucks that she was being retaliated against, but Starbucks again took no action on her complaint. Walters found her work environment increasingly intolerable, and left her job in December of 2021.
Walters filed this action on March 7, 2022, bringing claims for discrimination, a hostile work environment, retaliation, and constructive termination in violation of the New York State Human Rights Law ("NYSHRL") and the New York City Human Rights Law ("NYCHRL"). On May 2, the defendants moved to compel arbitration and dismiss the action. The defendants' motion became fully submitted on June 22. The case was transferred to this Court on August 17.
This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). As alleged in the complaint, Walters is a citizen of New Jersey, while Mbodje and Tobias are citizens of New York, and Starbucks is a Washington corporation with its principal place of business in Washington. There is therefore complete diversity between the parties, and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.
Discussion
When deciding motions to compel arbitration, courts may apply a standard "similar to that applicable for a motion for summary judgment." Barrows v. Brinker Restaurant Corp., 36 F.4th 45, 49 (2d Cir. 2022) (citation omitted). On amotion to compel arbitration, courts therefore consider "all relevant, admissible evidence submitted by the parties and contained in pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits," and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Meyer v. Uber Techs., Inc., 868 F.3d 66, 74 (2d Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). "Where the undisputed facts in the record require the matter of arbitrability to be decided against one side or the other as a matter of law, [courts] may rule on the basis of that legal issue and avoid the need for further court proceedings." Id. (citation omitted).
I. Enforceability
When considering a motion to compel arbitration, a court must first decide whether the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA") requires enforcement of the arbitration agreement. New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira, — U.S. —, 139 S. Ct. 532, 537, 202 L.Ed.2d 536 (2019). The FAA provides:
A written provision in . . . a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction . . . shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.9 U.S.C. § 2. The FAA establishes a "liberal federal policy favoring arbitration agreements," requiring courts "rigorously to enforce arbitration agreements according to their terms." Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis, — U.S. —, 138 S. Ct. 1612, 1621, 200 L.Ed.2d 889 (2018) (citation omitted). "Employment contracts, except for those covering workers engaged in transportation, are covered by the FAA." E.E.O.C. v. Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. 279, 289, 122 S.Ct. 754, 151 L.Ed.2d 755 (2002).
The Arbitration Agreement requires the parties "to use binding individual arbitration to resolve" any claim covered by the agreement. The Arbitration Agreement is therefore a "contract evidencing a transaction . . . to settle by arbitration" claims related to Walters's employment with Starbucks. 9 U.S.C. § 2. And because the contract governs Walters's employment, it is a contract "involving commerce" within the meaning of the FAA. See Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. at 289, 122 S.Ct. 754. Walters has raised no defense "upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract." 9 U.S.C. § 2. Accordingly, the FAA requires that the Arbitration Agreement be enforced.
Walters argues that federal law prohibits, rather than requires, the enforcement of the Arbitration Agreement. Under the Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021, Pub. L. No. 117-90, 136 Stat. 26 (codified at 9 U.S.C. §§ 401, 402) ("EFASASHA"), a plaintiff "alleging conduct constituting a sexual harassment or a sexual assault dispute" may elect to render invalid and unenforceable an arbitration provision applicable to their case. 9 U.S.C. § 402(a). The applicability of this provision must be determined "by a court, rather than an arbitrator." 9 U.S.C. § 402(b). EFASASHA only applies, however, to a "dispute or claim that arises or accrues on or after the date of enactment of this act." EFASASHA § 3, 136 Stat. 28. EFASASHA was signed into law on March 3, 2022. Pub. L. 117-90.
EFASASHA defines a "sexual harassment dispute" as "a dispute relating to conduct that is alleged to constitute sexual harassment under applicable Federal, Tribal, or State law." 9 U.S.C. § 401(4).
Walters's claims in this lawsuit are not covered by EFASASHA because each claim arose or accrued before March 3, 2022. Each of Walters's claims accrued at the time she experienced discrimination, harassment, or retaliation, and at the latest by December of 2021, when she left her job. See McGullam v. Cedar Graphics, Inc., 609 F.3d 70, 75-76 (2d Cir. 2010) (statute of limitations for Title VII hostile work environment claims begins to run at the last act that is part of the hostile work environment); Kassner v. 2nd Ave. Delicatessen Inc., 496 F.3d 229, 238 (2007) (statute of limitations for NYHCRL and NYHSRL claims begins to run when "the allegedly discriminatory acts" occur), Flaherty v. Metromail Corp., 235 F.3d 133, 138 (2nd Cir. 2000) (wrongful discharge claim accrues when the employee gives "definite notice" of her intention to quit).
Walters does not contest that her claims "accrued" for statute of limitations purposes before March 3, 2022. Instead, Walters argues that the statute applies to any claims that were filed after March 3. Although Walters acknowledges that claims ordinarily "accrue" when the statute of limitations begins to run, she notes that EFASASHA also applies to any "dispute", not just any claim, and that it applies to any "dispute" that either "arises or accrues" after March 3, 2022. EFASASHA § 3, 38 Stat. 28. Finally, Walters points to statements made by Vice President Kamala Harris at the bill's signing regarding the retroactivity of EFASASHA.
As Walters acknowledges, a claim normally "accrues" when "the plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action." Rotkiske v. Klemm, — U.S. —, 140 S. Ct. 355, 360, 205 L.Ed.2d 291 (2019) (citation omitted). EFASASHA's language is entirely consistent with this definition. Other district courts to have considered the matter have held that EFASASHA applies only to claims that "accrued" after enactment, regardless of whether they were filed after enactment. See Zinsky v. Russin, 22CV00547, 2022 WL 2906371, at *3 (W.D. Pa. July 22, 2022); Newcombe-Dierl v. Amgen, 22CV02155, 2022 WL 3012211, at *5 (C.D. Cal. May 26, 2022).
The statute's use of the term "dispute" does not require a different construction. EFASASHA § 3, 38 Stat. 28. A "sexual harassment dispute" may arise in a lawsuit, in which "claims" are asserted, or in other kinds of proceedings. EFASASHA may therefore refer to "claims" and "disputes" in order encompass various kinds of proceedings. Nor do Vice President Harris's statements at the bill's signing support Walters's position. The Vice President's comments state only that EFASASHA can apply to arbitration agreements executed before the statute's enactment -- a matter that is not in dispute here.
Remarks by Vice President Harris at Signing of H.R. 4445, "Ending the Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act of 2021", The White House (Mar. 3, 2022 5:42 P.M. EST), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/03/03/remarks-by-vice-president-harris-at-signing-of-h-r-4445-ending-the-forced-arbitration-of-sexual-assault-and-sexual-harassment-act-of-2021/.
Finally, Walters references N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 7515, which prohibits mandatory arbitration agreements for unlawful discrimination claims as a matter of New York State law. N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 7515(b). This provision, however, does not apply "where inconsistent with federal law." Id. § 7515(b)(i). As explained above, the FAA requires the enforcement of the Arbitration Agreement. Accordingly, C.P.L.R. § 7515 does not apply.
Additionally, if C.P.L.R. § 7515 did purport to prohibit the enforcement of the Arbitration Agreement, it would be preempted by the FAA, which preempts state laws "prohibiting outright the arbitration of a particular type of claim." Viking River Cruises, Inc. v. Moriana, — U.S. —, 142 S. Ct. 1906, 1917, 213 L.Ed.2d 179 (2022) (citation omitted).
II. Arbitrability
Walters argues that, even if the Arbitration agreement is enforceable, it does not encompass her claims. When a court decides that the FAA requires enforcement of an arbitration agreement, the court must normally then decide "the question of arbitrability" -- that is, the question of whether the parties' dispute falls within the scope of that arbitration agreement. Nicosia v. Amazon.com, Inc., 834 F.3d 220, 229 (2d Cir. 2016). But "[w]hen the parties' contract delegates the arbitrability question to an arbitrator, the courts must respect the parties' decision as embodied in the contract." Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., — U.S. —, 139 S. Ct. 524, 528, 202 L.Ed.2d 480 (2019).
The Arbitration Agreement provides that "the Arbitrator -- and not a court or agency -- shall have the exclusive authority to resolve any dispute regarding the formation, interpretation, applicability, enforceability, or implementation of" the Arbitration Agreement. This language unambiguously delegates the question of arbitrability to the arbitrator, and is virtually identical to that of other delegation provisions that the Supreme Court has enforced. See Rent-A-Center, W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 66, 130 S.Ct. 2772, 177 L.Ed.2d 403 (2010). Accordingly, whether Walters's claims fall within the scope of the Arbitration Agreement is a question for the arbitrator to decide. Henry Schein, Inc., 139 S. Ct. at 529-30.
Conclusion
The defendants' May 2, 2022 motion to compel arbitration is granted. The action is stayed pending the outcome of arbitration proceedings.