Opinion
Docket No. 152976.
Submitted October 6, 1994, at Lansing.
Decided November 7, 1994, at 9:55 A.M.
Melvin Houston and Veleta Brooks-Burkett, for the plaintiff.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Gary P. Gordon and Thomas Quasarano, Assistant Attorneys General, for the defendants.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from the trial court's order granting defendants' motion for summary disposition and dismissing her claims of wrongful discharge (hostile environment) and defamation. We affirm.
Plaintiff was employed by the State Judicial Council (SJC) as the chief clinical psychologist when she resigned in August 1990. It is undisputed that there was no direct agreement between plaintiff and the SJC. Rather, her employment was subject to a labor agreement between the SJC and the Government Administrators' Association (GAA) at the time of her resignation.
Plaintiff alleged that she was constructively discharged because of acts of the clinic director that allegedly violated the Recorder's Court "written employment policies and labor agreement in effect at the time." However, contrary to MCR 2.113(F), plaintiff failed to attach to her complaint a copy of the employment policies or the labor agreement upon which she relies. Subsequently, plaintiff indicated that her wrongful discharge claim was based on the theory of an implied contract providing for termination for just cause only, as recognized in Toussaint v Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, 408 Mich. 579; 292 N.W.2d 880 (1980).
Defendants filed a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(4), (7), (8), and (10). According to defendants' exhibits, plaintiff sought a grievance investigation for the defendants' "unjust discipline . . . without following the disciplinary procedure as outlined in the contract agreement," in violation of "Article 11, Section A." However, plaintiff never exhausted her administrative remedies under the grievance procedure provided by the collective bargaining agreement. Article 9, Step 4(F) of that agreement provides that the arbitrator's decision shall be "final and binding" if rendered in accordance with the arbitrator's jurisdiction and authority under the agreement. Consequently, defendants argue, plaintiff is precluded from seeking relief in court.
Defendants also contend that plaintiff, as a governmental employee, may not sue for breach of contract. Defendants rely on Matulewicz v Governor, 174 Mich. App. 295, 304; 435 N.W.2d 785 (1989), where this Court stated:
As plaintiffs are civil servants who do not have contracts of employment either express or implied, the circuit court properly dismissed plaintiffs' count for breach of contract for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
The trial court granted summary disposition of the wrongful discharge claim, ruling that Matulewicz, supra, applied to the undisputed facts of this situation, and that "there is no Toussaint-type wrongful discharge in the case of a governmental employee who has any kind of civil service protection. She could conceivably have an appeal of the discharge, if there was a discharge, but I think that would have to be determined first by an administrative body."
After the trial court issued its decision, this Court decided Manning v Hazel Park, 202 Mich. App. 685, 690-691; 509 N.W.2d 874 (1993), and Thorin v Bloomfield Hills Bd of Ed, 203 Mich. App. 692; 513 N.W.2d 230 (1994), both of which held that a wrongful discharge claim under Toussaint is applicable to public employees. However, in those cases, and the cases upon which they rely, the plaintiffs were not members of a union or association that had entered into a collective bargaining agreement with the governmental employer. Unlike the plaintiff in this case, they had no contractual right to determine, through a grievance process or otherwise, whether they were entitled to be discharged only for "just cause" or whether any contractual rights had been violated. Because Manning and Thorin are distinguishable, we decline to apply them to the case before us.
We agree with the trial court that, although plaintiff is not a "civil servant" subject to the rules of the Civil Service Commission, she is entitled to similar protection under the grievance procedure of the collective bargaining agreement. With certain exceptions not relevant here, policies regarding conditions and terms of employment are subjects of any collective bargaining between the SJC and the associations representing the state-paid employees serving in the Recorder's Court. MCL 600.9104; MSA 27A.9104. Because matters of discipline and termination were expressly covered in the GAA collective bargaining agreement, plaintiff is bound by its terms. A party may not seek to enforce an implied contract where an express agreement has been made covering the same subject matter. Scholz v Montgomery Ward Co, Inc, 437 Mich. 83, 93; 468 N.W.2d 845 (1991). Therefore, we conclude that plaintiff was not entitled to rely on Toussaint, supra, in pursuing her wrongful discharge claim. Moreover, because she failed to exhaust her remedies under the grievance procedure, she is precluded from seeking judicial review of her alleged wrongful discharge. See Samuel v Dep't of Mental Health, 140 Mich. App. 101, 107-109; 364 N.W.2d 294 (1985), and Mollett v City of Taylor, 197 Mich. App. 328; 494 N.W.2d 832 (1992). Summary disposition of the wrongful discharge claim properly was granted under MCR 2.116(C) (10).
Also, even if plaintiff's complaint does state a claim for defamation, Gonyea v Motor Parts Federal Credit Union, 192 Mich. App. 74, 76-77; 480 N.W.2d 297 (1991); Sawabini v Desenberg, 143 Mich. App. 373, 379; 372 N.W.2d 559 (1985), we find that summary disposition properly was granted to defendants on the basis of governmental immunity. MCR 2.116(C)(7). In responding to defendants' motion, plaintiff failed to allege facts justifying application of an exception to governmental immunity, i.e., facts supporting an inference that defendant Recorder's Court was not engaged in the exercise of a governmental function when the alleged defamatory statement was made. MCL 691.1407(1); MSA 3.996(107)(1); Wade v Dep't of Corrections, 439 Mich. 158, 162; 483 N.W.2d 26 (1992). Moreover, we reject plaintiff's assertion that the defamation claim should survive with respect to defendant director of the Recorder's Court Psychiatric Clinic given that (1) plaintiff's complaint does not allege that defendant director was connected to the making of the statement and (2) plaintiff admitted in her deposition that she does not know who made the statement.
Affirmed.
R.J. JASON, J., concurred.
I concur in Judge REILLY's fine opinion. I also continue to adhere to the views expressed in my concurring opinion in Thorin v Bloomfield Hills Bd of Ed, 203 Mich. App. 692; 513 N.W.2d 230 (1994).