Opinion
February 3, 1964 —
March 3, 1964.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Milwaukee county: ROBERT C. CANNON, Circuit Judge. Affirmed.
For the defendants-appellants there were briefs by Bender, Trump, Davidson Godfrey of Milwaukee, and oral argument by Kneeland A. Godfrey and Thomas W. Godfrey.
For the plaintiffs-respondents there was a brief by Edward S. Levin, attorney, and John W. Emmerling of counsel, both of Milwaukee, and oral argument by Mr. Emmerling.
For the defendants-respondents there was a brief by Arnold, Murray O'Neill of Milwaukee, and oral argument by James T. Murray.
The executrix of the estate of Thomas Beaton and his insurer appeal from the whole of the judgment. Viola Voigt and Ruth Brandenburg, the plaintiffs, sued Robert Voigt and the insurer of the auto driven by Voigt, General Insurance Company of America, and Mary Ellen Beaton, as executrix of the estate of Thomas Beaton, and Beaton's insurer, Auto-Owners Insurance Company. Viola Voigt and Ruth Brandenburg were passengers in the car driven by Robert Voigt at the time of the collision between such car and the car driven by Beaton.
The accident occurred on November 14, 1959, at about 8:30 a.m. on Highway 57 about five miles north of Plymouth, Wisconsin. The Voigt Chevrolet was proceeding in a northerly direction and collided with a Volkswagen driven by Beaton in a southerly direction. It was daylight, and the weather was clear. The highway at the point of the collision was approximately level and straight for some distance in either direction from the point of the accident, and visibility was good.
As a result of the accident, Beaton was killed instantly. Mrs. Voigt, a passenger in the right front seat of the Voigt car, does not recall the events of the accident because of retrograde amnesia. The only testimony as to the circumstances of the accident came from the plaintiff, Ruth Brandenburg, who was seated in the rear of the Voigt Chevrolet, and the defendant driver. Robert Voigt. They both testified that the point of impact was on the east side of the highway at or near the east shoulder of the road. The testimony was that the Beaton car struck the right side of the Voigt car. Both cars came to rest on the west side of the highway with the Beaton car completely off the concrete on the west shoulder facing westerly and the Voigt car also on the west side, partly on the pavement and partly on the shoulder facing southwesterly.
An ultimate fact verdict was submitted to the jury which found both Beaton and Voigt negligent and apportioned the negligence 90 percent to Beaton and 10 percent to Voigt. Judgment was entered on the verdict.
Miss Brandenburg and Robert Voigt testified that the southbound lane in which Beaton was driving was slippery packed snow, but that the northbound lane on which they were driving was clear. Miss Brandenburg testified that she first saw the Beaton car about two or three blocks north of the Voigt car traveling in the southbound lane. She did not watch it all the time, but when she next looked she saw it coming at an angle into the northbound lane. The court sustained objections to her attempt to give testimony as to the speed of the Beaton car. On cross-examination, she testified that when she first saw the Beaton car coming into the northbound lane of the road, it had started to skid, and her opinion was that the skidding was what brought the Beaton car into the northbound lane of traffic. Miss Brandenburg testified that she did not know what caused the Beaton car to skid.
Robert Voigt testified that he saw the Beaton car first about two blocks away, and it was proceeding southbound in the proper lane of traffic. He watched the car continuously, and he saw it come into the northbound lane. He testified that the Beaton car slid into that lane when the Voigt car was about 30 feet away from it. Voigt's testimony was that when Beaton's car came into the northbound side of the road it was skidding on the snow, and that in attempting to avoid the impact Voigt also skidded. Voigt testified that he did not know why he skidded. Voigt's testimony was substantially similar to that of Miss Brandenburg insofar as he stated that at the time of the impact the Voigt car had turned in a southwesterly direction across the road.
Voigt testified that at the time the Beaton car invaded his lane of traffic, Voigt took steps to avoid the accident; he turned off on the right shoulder, and then his car went into a skid and turned about a half turn or more to the left, so that it was pointed southwest at the time the Beaton car struck the right side of the Voigt automobile. However, on his adverse examination prior to the trial, Voigt testified that at the impact his car was facing somewhat northeast and the other car was facing southeast when it struck him on the right side.
Voigt was interviewed at the hospital shortly after the accident by Deputy Sheriff Joe Norris. Deputy Norris prepared an accident report in his own handwriting on a Sheboygan county sheriff's office printed form, but at the time of the trial Deputy Norris was dead. The appellants made an offer of proof for the purpose of having the accident report admitted into evidence. The trial court refused to admit the report. The report includes information on the condition of the road, the weather, and the light. There is also a notation under the heading "remarks" in the report which the appellants contend should have been admitted as an admission against interest by Robert Voigt:
"Driver of car 2 [Voigt] claims car 1 [Beaton] seemed to be skidding around, when noticing that, he started slowing down, when he also started to skid, tried to keep his car straight but could not slid into car 1 across highway west side of road into car 1's path."
The sheriff of Sheboygan county, Robert Frewert, identified the accident report and stated that it was in fact in the handwriting of Deputy Norris. All the discussion relative to the admissibility of the accident report was made out of the hearing of the jury on an offer of proof.
There was also testimony from Deputy Sheriff Waiter Gannon, who assisted Deputy Norris in making the investigation. Gannon testified, contrary to the testimony of Voigt and Miss Brandenburg, that the northbound lane was slippery.
Photographs were introduced into evidence showing the condition of both vehicles after the accident. On this appeal, no question is raised as to damages.
Introduction of Accident Report.
The appellants contend that the trial court erred in refusing to admit into evidence the accident report which contained a statement attributable to Mr. Voigt. We conclude that the trial court properly rejected the offer of this report into evidence. The statement was taken about a half hour after the accident by Deputy Sheriff Joe Norris, who interviewed Mr. Voigt at the hospital. Norris submitted his accident report to the county sheriff's office, but he died before the trial. Under the heading "remarks," Norris reported Mr. Voigt's statement that the Voigt car slid into the west lane, into the path of the Beaton car.
The demise of the deputy sheriff before the trial effectively foreclosed Voigt's counsel from any cross-examination. It was thus impossible for counsel to test the circumstances under which the officer took the statement and the mechanics which he employed to incorporate the statement on the final report which he filed with the sheriff's department. It was also impossible to test the correctness or accuracy of the remark charged to Mr. Voigt.
The matter covered in the statement went to the heart of the issue at trial. We consider that the absence of the right to cross-examine was critical. We have carefully considered sec. 327.18, Stats. (official records of public officers), and sec. 327.25 (business entries in the usual course of business), and we are persuaded that neither of these sections authorizes the admissibility of the report when objection is made as it was in the instant case.
The Court's Instructions.
There are two main objections by the appellants regarding the court's instructions. One relates to the side of the road on which the accident happened, and the other relates to the burden of proof.
With reference to the location of the accident, the court gave an instruction which related to the prospect of the Beaton car being on the wrong side of the road. No similar instruction was given to the prospect that the Voigt car may have been on the wrong side of the highway. The following instruction on this subject was given by the trial court:
" If you find that Mr. Beaton's car was on the wrong side of the highway at the time of the collision, then he was negligent as to his position on the highway unless you also find that there was an explanation satisfactory to you for his being on the wrong side of the highway. The burden of proof is upon the Defendants, Thomas P. Beaton, to produce evidence which would overcome the inference of negligence arising from the fact that the Beaton automobile was on the wrong side of the highway, if you find that it was on the wrong side of the highway." (Emphasis added.)
There was no oral testimony from the witnesses which would have required the submission of an alternative instruction designed to invite the jury to consider whether the accident took place in the southbound lane. We recognize that the trial court had excluded from evidence (and properly so) the deputy sheriffs report which placed the accident on the southbound lane. Nevertheless, the physical facts, in our opinion, warranted the alternative submission.
In Strnad v. Co-operative Ins. Mutual (1949), 256 Wis. 261, 273, 40 N.W.2d 552, we stated:
"Long experience has shown that in all except in a very few cases the position of the cars and their condition after a collision has very little, if any, probative value." Carstensen v. Faber (1962), 17 Wis.2d 242, 116 N.W.2d 161; New Amsterdam Casualty Co. v. Farmers Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. (1959), 5 Wis.2d 646, 94 N.W.2d 175. The position of the cars after the accident, therefore, would probably not have been sufficient by itself to have contradicted the oral testimony.
However, the fact that the northbound Voigt car was struck on its right side by the southbound Beaton car presents a physical circumstance which in this case justified letting the jury weigh the question as to where the accident happened.
In Evjen v. Packer City Transit Line (1960), 9 Wis.2d 153, 161, 100 N.W.2d 580, we held that where there are conflicting inferences that may be drawn from credible evidence, it is up to the jury to draw the proper inferences. This is true even though one of the inferences may be drawn from the physical facts not supported by oral testimony. In Pagel v. Holewinski (1960), 11 Wis.2d 634, 641, 106 N.W.2d 425, we stated:
"Strong reasons of public policy support the rule that a jury may reject the testimony of an eyewitness and base a finding of negligence on a conflicting reasonable inference deduced from the physical facts."
Having thus concluded that the trial court should have given instructions relative to either driver invading the lane the other, we must resolve whether the failure to do so in the instant case was prejudicial. We conclude it was not prejudicial. The italicized portions of the instruction quoted above demonstrate that the trial court did not purport to tell the jury where the accident occurred. The expression "if you find that Mr. Beaton's car was on the wrong side of the highway" appears twice in the instruction, and we believe that this made it reasonably clear to the jurors that they were free to determine on which side of the road the accident happened.
This jury was further instructed on the subject of physical facts which could not be reconciled with the testimony. The following instruction was given, and it further supports our conclusion that the error was not prejudicial:
"If you find that a witness testified contrary to physical facts unquestionably established by the evidence, and if you find that such testimony cannot be reconciled with such established physical facts, then you should disregard such testimony. However, the testimony of a witness is not overcome by physical facts, unless such facts are established beyond any reasonable ground for doubt, and they admit only of a conclusion unquestionably contradicting such testimony."
We also note that appellants' counsel was permitted to cross-examine Mr. Voigt relative to the statement contained on the deputy sheriff's report in which the Voigt car is placed on the wrong side of the highway. While the written statement was not admitted into evidence, the jury nevertheless was fully aware of the appellants' contention that Mr. Voigt had previously made this admission.
The appellants also complain that the trial court erred in regard to its instruction on the burden of proof. The challenged instruction provided as follows:
"Members of the Jury, you are instructed that skidding of motor vehicle may occur without fault, and when it does occur, it may likewise continue without fault for a considerable space and time. It results in partial or complete loss of control of the motor vehicle under circumstances not necessarily implying negligence. Having lost control of the motor vehicle through skidding, the driver is not responsible for what happened thereafter, unless he was guilty of negligence which contributed to the loss of control.
"Where the icy or slippery condition of a road increases the danger of travel, and the driver is, or ought to be, aware such condition, then he is required to exercise a degree of care commensurate with such circumstances.
" This rule does not apply if the driver knew or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known of such slippery condition a sufficient length of time before the accident to take proper precautions so as to have his vehicle under control.
"The burden of going forward with evidence to prove such condition is upon the driver, Thomas P. Beaton, claiming it." (Emphasis added.)
The appellants' principal objection to this instruction is that it improperly shifts the burden of proof to Beaton. For reasons which we will discuss in the last section of this opinion, we find no merit in this contention.
There is a lack of complete clarity in the language of the instructions quoted above. We have italicized the words "this rule" and "such condition;" we are of the opinion that there is uncertainty as to which "rule" and which "condition" is being referred to. We do not, however, consider this vagueness to be of sufficient seriousness to invalidate the instructions.
The Negligence of Beaton.
Perhaps the main thrust of this appeal is the appellants' contention that if Beaton skidded from his southbound lane to Voigt's northbound lane, there is no proof that such skidding was other than innocent. The appellants recognize that if Beaton entered the wrong side of the highway, there is created an inference of negligence. However, they cite authority for the proposition that skidding may be nonnegligent, and they urge that it has not been proved that Beaton committed any negligent act. Having adduced testimony by Mr. Voigt and his passenger that the Beaton car skidded into the northbound lane, the appellants believe they are home free. We do not agree with their analysis.
First, let us dispose of the matter of the presumption of due care which must be accorded to a deceased party. Since Beaton died instantly at the time of the collision, he is entitled to this limited presumption. In Theisen v. Milwaukee Automobile Mut. Ins. Co. (1962), 18 Wis.2d 91, 100, 118 N.W.2d 140, we stated:
"This presumption is a limited one, is not evidence, and is sufficient only to place upon the other party the risk incidental to a failure to come forward with such testimony as may be in his control . . . This court is committed to the doctrine that when evidence is introduced which would support a jury finding contrary to the presumption, the presumption is eliminated and drops out of the case entirely and no instruction to the jury should be given upon the subject."
Once testimony was received that Beaton's car invaded the wrong lane of travel, there arose an inference of negligence which eliminated the presumption of due care.
A crucial question in this appeal is this: Upon whom does the duty rest to establish the negligent or nonnegligent nature of the invasion of the wrong lane of travel? In our opinion, this question has been answered in Theisen v. Milwaukee Automobile Mut. Ins. Co., supra, and Goldenberg v. Daane (1961), 13 Wis.2d 98, 108 N.W.2d 187. In the Theisen Case, we dealt with the problem of a sleeping driver who crossed over into the wrong side of the highway and struck a tree. We said that it was the duty of the party claiming that the driver fell asleep to establish such fact by evidence which was either direct or arose by inference; we then stated (p. 99) that "such evidence casts a burden upon the party seeking to excuse the driver's loss of consciousness — the burden of showing the greater probability that the loss of consciousness is excusable on some nonactionable basis."
In Goldenberg v. Daane (1961), 13 Wis.2d 98, 104, 108 N.W.2d 187, we said:
"The court considered that it should have instructed the jury that Daane had the burden of producing evidence which would overcome the inference of negligence arising from the fact that his vehicle was on the wrong side of the highway. Daane did have the burden of producing evidence sufficient to support a finding that his invasion of the west side of the highway was due to a nonnegligent cause."
The end product of the Theisen and Goldenberg Cases is this: One who invades the wrong side of the highway may be able to relieve himself of the inference of negligence, but the responsibility rests upon him to do so. For example, an ostensibly "sleeping driver" may be shown to have suffered a heart attack; one whose car suddenly swerves into the opposite lane may succeed in proving that there was a mechanical failure ( e.g., a blowout). The inference of negligence when one invades the wrong lane is a vigorous one; the inference is not dissipated unless the driver so invading the wrong lane proves that he was without fault.
We do not hereby revise the rule that an injured plaintiff has the burden of proving that the defendant driver was negligent. However, once having introduced evidence that the defendant driver crossed into the wrong lane, the defendant driver has the burden of going forward with evidence to prove that such invasion was nonnegligent.
Accordingly, the mere fact that Beaton may have skidded into the wrong lane does not relieve him of the burden of going forward to show that he was exercising ordinary care. We appreciate that when the one invading the wrong lane dies in the collision, the ability to prove his use of due care is seriously hampered. The problem of proof, however, remains the responsibility of his representative and his insurer. The jury's assessment of 90 percent of the blame on Beaton rests upon credible evidence and must be affirmed.
The appellants contend that our holding in Poole v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. (1959), 7 Wis.2d 65, 70, 95 N.W.2d 799, warrants the conclusion that an absence of testimony as to the cause of skidding would cause the injured party's case to fail Insofar as the Poole Case conveyed this impression, it must be deemed modified by this opinion.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.
CURRIE, C. J, dissents.