RICE, Justice.

Petitioner James Vigil seeks review of the court of appeals' decision that the trial court's grant of summary judgment was proper because the common law open and obvious danger doctrine survived enactment of Colorado's premises liability statute. We reverse.

Upon review, we find that the express, unambiguous language of the statute evidences the General Assembly's intent to establish a comprehensive and exclusive specification of the duties landowners owe to those injured on their property. Accordingly, common law landowner duties do not survive its enactment. In addition, nothing in the plain language of the statute, either expressly or by clear implication, incorporates the common law defense of open and obvious dangers. Therefore, we hold that the common law open and obvious danger doctrine does not survive the enactment of Colorado's premises liability statute.

I. Facts and Proceedings Below

Vigil, 36-years-old and mildly retarded, filed a tort cause of action seeking damages for injuries he received in a tragic diving accident. Since the trial court granted summary judgment on the pleadings, no trial was held and much of the circumstances concerning the accident are disputed. Vigil alleges that on June 25, 1997, he dove into a four-feet-deep, above-ground pool on Respondents William, Gladys, and Will Franklins' ("the Franklins") property and sustained severe spinal injuries, rendering him a permanent quadriplegic. Vigil was on the Franklins' property as a laborer for the Arkansas Valley Community Center for Handicapped and for Retarded Persons, Inc. (the "Girch Center"), from which he received job training skills and work experience. The Franklins had contracted with the Girch Center for weed removal and other manual labor. On the morning of the accident, Vigil worked at another Girch Center jobsite repairing wood pallets. After a lunchtime altercation with another laborer, the Girch Center transferred Vigil to the Franklins' property for the afternoon.

Vigil worked until about 2:30 p.m., when he and other Girch Center laborers began joking about whether anyone wanted to get thrown into the swimming pool. Then, as Vigil stated in his deposition: "[w]e were getting ready to clean up. And I had mentioned to the guys that, [w]ell, is anyone going to jump in the pool. And when I didn't hear nothing or no response, I said, [y]ou bunch of chickens. And since nobody was going to go, I was going." Vigil took off his shirt, shoes, and socks, removed his wallet, and ran towards the pool. He climbed up onto the narrow white metal rim of the pool, and crouched with his head lowered. According to Vigil, he "was attempting to dive in and come up on the other side right away" — to execute a racing-style dive. Instead, the top front of Vigil's head struck the bottom of the pool, fracturing his sixth and seventh cervical vertebra. Fellow Girch Center laborers pulled Vigil out of the pool and emergency medical assistance was requested.

The Franklins moved for summary judgment, arguing, inter alia, that they owed no duty of care to Vigil because diving into an above-ground pool was an open and obvious danger. With no analysis and without stating any specific grounds, the trial court granted their motion, finding, among other things, the following undisputed facts:

[1.] The existence of the swimming pool and the nature of its structure were obvious, that is, it was beyond doubt that the structure was a swimming pool, that some of the pool extended above ground level, and that . . . [Vigil] was taller than that portion of the pool which was above ground.

[2.] Vigil did not know the depth of the swimming pool when he dived in.

Vigil appealed and the court of appeals affirmed. In a published opinion, Vigil v. Franklin, 81 P.3d 1084 (Colo.App. 2003), the court of appeals held that the Franklins had no duty to warn Vigil of the open and obvious danger of diving into an above-ground swimming pool. Consequently, the court affirmed the grant of summary judgment.

Vigil sought review, and because of the importance of the issue raised, we exercised our discretion to hear his case.

II. Legal Background

The issue in this case is whether common law defenses to landowner duties, such as the open and obvious danger doctrine, still exist, even after the passage of Colorado's comprehensive premises liability statute. In order to answer this question, a brief synopsis of the common law principles at issue as well as the premises liability statute is necessary. We turn first to common law principles of tort liability, including the concepts of landowner duties and defenses to duty.

A. Creation of Common Law Duties and Defenses

A tort may be defined as legally improper conduct that causes harm and imposes civil liability. E.g., Dan B. Dobbs, The Law of Torts § 1, at 1 (2000). Tort law largely finds its origin in the common law, though legislatures increasingly participate in determining what conduct constitutes a tort. Id. In cases involving negligent torts, a common law prima facie cause of action requires the proof of four elements: a plaintiff must show that first, the defendant owed a legal duty of care; second, the defendant breached that duty; third, the plaintiff was injured; and fourth, the defendant's breach caused that injury. E.g., Ryder v. Mitchell, 54 P.3d 885, 889 (Colo. 2002). Of these, duty is the threshold element. Only if there is a legal duty to avoid unreasonably risky conduct does the issue of breach and then the other negligence elements arise.

At common law, whether a defendant owes a duty to a plaintiff is a question of law to be determined by the court. E.g., Cary v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 68 P.3d 462, 465 (Colo. 2003). "`[T]he existence and scope of the duty'" essentially addresses "`whether the plaintiff's interest that has been infringed by the conduct of the defendant is entitled to legal protection.'" Taco Bell, Inc. v. Lannon, 744 P.2d 43, 46 (Colo. 1987) (quoting Metro. Gas Repair Serv., Inc. v. Kulik, 621 P.2d 313, 317 (Colo. 1980)).

A defendant always has the option at common law of arguing that he did not owe a duty to an injured plaintiff. Structurally, this argument is independent of and arises before other recognized negligent tort defenses such as contributory negligence and comparative fault. Where a defendant successfully argues no duty, there is no subsequent inquiry into negligence; considering additional defenses under the breach, causation, and damages elements is entirely unnecessary.

Here, the Franklins exercised their common law option to argue that they owed no duty of care to Vigil because the danger of diving into the above-ground swimming pool was so open and obvious as to discharge any legal duty. In so arguing, they relied primarily upon our decision in Smith v. City and County of Denver, 726 P.2d 1125 (Colo. 1986). In Smith, we held that the Denver Board of Water Commissioners was under no duty to warn an injured plaintiff of the "inherent dangers" of diving from boulders into a naturally-flowing river "because the potential for danger was readily apparent." Id. at 1127-28 (referring to Burchinal v. Gregory, 41 Colo.App. 490, 492, 586 P.2d 1012, 1013-14 (1978)). To reach this conclusion, we borrowed principles from both strict liability and proximate cause. See Bookout v. Victor Comptometer Corp., 40 Colo.App. 417, 419, 576 P.2d 197, 198 (1978) ("[T]he potential for danger inherent in a BB gun is readily apparent and a warning for the obvious is not a requirement of the doctrine of products liability.") (cited in Burchinal, 41 Colo.App. at 492, 586 P.2d at 1013-14); Smith, 726 P.2d at 1127 ("Owners and occupiers of land . . . are not insurers against every foreseeable accident which might occur.") (citing Webb v. Thomas, 133 Colo. 458, 463-64, 296 P.2d 1036, 1038-39 (1956); Burchinal, 41 Colo.App. at 491-92, 586 P.2d at 1013).

B. Premises Liability

Since the alleged tort occurred on the Franklins' property, this is a tort "action against a landowner." See § 13-21-115(2). As such, we must consider Colorado's premises liability statute in determining whether the Franklins owed Vigil a legal duty.

Colorado premises liability law has changed dramatically over the last 35 years. Prior to 1971, a landowner's duty of care was determined by the status of the injured party — specifically, whether the plaintiff was a trespasser, licensee, or invitee. See Mile High Fence Co. v. Radovich, 175 Colo. 537, 541 n. 2, 489 P.2d 308, 311 (1971) (citing extensive case law); see generally 7 John W. Grund J. Kent Miller, Colorado Personal Injury Practice — Torts and Insurance §§ 19.2-19.7 (2d ed. 2000). Then, in Mile High Fence, we abandoned the common law classification scheme in favor of the traditional negligence concept, requiring landowners to meet a standard of reasonable care "in view of the . . . foreseeability of injury to others." 175 Colo. at 548, 489 P.2d at 314. The General Assembly then sought to reinstate the status classifications in 1986 by enacting the premises liability statute, Ch. 109, sec. 1, § 13-21-115, 6A C.R.S. (1987), 1986 Colo. Sess. Laws 683, but that statute was held unconstitutional in Gallegos v. Phipps, 779 P.2d 856, 862-63 (Colo. 1989), thereby reinstating the Mile High Fence common law duty analysis. Thereafter, the General Assembly amended the statute in 1990 to address our equal protection concerns, but retained the status classifications. See Ch. 107, sec. 1, § 13-21-115, 6A C.R.S. (1990 Supp.), 1990 Colo. Sess. Laws 867; see generally Terrance A. Noyes, The Colorado Premises Liability Statute, 25 Colo. Law. 71, 72 (1996).

The premises liability statute classifies those injured on the property of another as trespassers, invitees, or licensees. § 13-21-115(3). Trespassers "may recover only for damages willfully or deliberately caused by the landowner." § 13-21-115(3)(a). Licensees are afforded greater protection and may recover only for damages caused:

(I) By the landowner's unreasonable failure to exercise reasonable care with respect to dangers created by the landowner of which the landowner actually knew; or

(II) By the landowner's unreasonable failure to warn of dangers not created by the landowner which are not ordinarily present on property of the type involved and of which the landowner actually knew.

§ 13-21-115(3)(b). Finally, invitees "may recover for damages caused by the landowner's unreasonable failure to exercise reasonable care to protect against dangers of which he actually knew or should have known." § 13-21-115(3)(c)(I). Whether an injured plaintiff is a trespasser, licensee, or invitee must be decided by the court, but the ultimate issues of liability and damages are questions of fact for a jury, or if none, for the trial judge. § 13-21-115(4).

Perhaps most important, subsection (2) establishes the broad scope of the statute, proceeding as follows:

(2) In any civil action brought against a landowner by a person who alleges injury occurring while on the real property of another and by reason of the condition of such property, or activities conducted or circumstances existing on such property, the landowner shall be liable only as provided in subsection (3) of this section.

§ 13-21-115(2) (emphasis added). Relying on this subsection, several panels of the court of appeals have held the statute to be the "exclusive remedy" available for parties injured on the property of another. See, e.g., Henderson v. Master Klean Janitorial, Inc., 70 P.3d 612, 613 (Colo.App. 2003) (citing Thornbury v. Allen, 991 P.2d 335, 340 (Colo.App. 1999)).

III. Analysis

The court of appeals held, as a matter of law, that the Franklins had no duty to warn Vigil of the swimming pool on their land because the pool presented a danger which was both open and obvious. In so holding, the court of appeals concluded that the premises liability statute did not preempt the common law open and obvious danger doctrine. It did so because it found, relying on one of the statute's statements of purpose, that it was "highly unlikely that the General Assembly intended to remove the protection of the open and obvious danger doctrine that landowners enjoyed under the generic negligence scheme." Vigil, 81 P.3d at 1088 (referring to § 13-21-115(1.5)(d)).

Grants of summary judgment are subject to de novo review. E.g., Morrison v. Goff, 91 P.3d 1050, 1052 (Colo. 2004). As such, we are presented with a matter of first impression, namely whether, despite the language of the premises liability statute, common law defenses to landowner duties still exist. We hold that they do not. In so holding, we turn first, as we must, to the language of the statute.

A. Principles of Statutory Construction

Our primary duty in construing statutes is to give effect to the intent of the General Assembly, looking first to the statute's plain language. E.g., In re 2000-2001 Dist. Grand Jury in and for First Judicial Dist., 97 P.3d 921, 924 (Colo. 2004). If a statute is clear and unambiguous on its face, then we need not look beyond the plain language, e.g., Garhart ex rel. Tinsman v. Columbia/HealthONE, L.L.C., 95 P.3d 571, 591 (Colo. 2004), and "we must apply the statute as written," In re 2000-2001 Dist. Grand Jury, 97 P.3d at 924 (citing Univex Int'l, Inc. v. Orix Credit Alliance, Inc., 914 P.2d 1355, 1358 (Colo. 1996)); see also § 2-4-203(1)(c), (d), (g), C.R.S. (2004) ("If a statute is ambiguous, the court, in determining the intention of the general assembly, may consider among other matters: . . . [t]he legislative history, if any; [t]he common law . . .; [and t]he legislative declaration or purpose."). In addition, "`we afford the language of . . . statutes their ordinary and common meaning [and] construe statutory . . . provisions as a whole, giving effect to every word and term contained therein, whenever possible.'" Cacioppo v. Eagle County School Dist. Re-50J, 92 P.3d 453, 463 (Colo. 2004) (quoting Bd. of County Comm'rs. v. Vail Assocs., Inc., 19 P.3d 1263, 1273 (Colo. 2001)) (alteration in original); see also § 2-4-201, C.R.S. (2004) ("In enacting a statute, it is presumed that: . . . [t]he entire statute is intended to be effective. . . .").

Moreover, as here, where the interaction of common law and statutory law is at issue, we acknowledge and respect the General Assembly's authority to modify or abrogate common law, but can only recognize such changes when they are clearly expressed. E.g., Beach v. Beach, 74 P.3d 1, 4 (Colo. 2003); see also § 2-4-211, C.R.S. (2004) (where the General Assembly expressly retained authority to repeal common law rules). We have said that "[a] statute, general in its terms, is always to be taken as subject to . . . the common law." Bradley v. People, 8 Colo. 599, 604, 9 P. 783, 786 (1886). Thus, "`[s]tatutes in derogation of the common law must be strictly construed, so that if the legislature wishes to abrogate rights that would otherwise be available under the common law, it must manifest its intent either expressly or by clear implication.'" Vaughan v. McMinn, 945 P.2d 404, 408 (Colo. 1997) (quoting Van Waters Rogers, Inc. v. Keelan, 840 P.2d 1070, 1076 (Colo. 1992)). And, "when the legislature speaks with exactitude, we must construe the statute to mean that the inclusion or specification of a particular set of conditions necessarily excludes others." Lunsford v. W. States Life Ins., 908 P.2d 79, 84 (Colo. 1995). Finally, we note that when it chooses to legislate in a particular area, the General Assembly is presumed to be aware of existing case law precedent. E.g., Pierson v. Black Canyon Aggregates, Inc., 48 P.3d 1215, 1219 (Colo. 2002).

B. The Premises Liability Statute Preempts the Common Law Creation of Landowner Duties

The express, unambiguous language of subsection (2) of Colorado's premises liability statute evidences the General Assembly's intent to establish a comprehensive and exclusive specification of the duties landowners owe to those injured on their property. Subsection (2) is specific in its terms and without ambiguity or qualification. By using the language "any civil action brought against a landowner by a person who alleges injury occurring while on the real property of another," the General Assembly indicated its intent to completely occupy the field and supercede the existing law in the area. Cf. Van Waters, 840 P.2d at 1076 (construing similar all-inclusive language in the collateral source statute as abrogating the common law).

In addition, when the General Assembly used the language "only as provided in subsection (3)," it reiterated its intent to be comprehensive and exhaustive. This language, coupled with the precisely drawn landowner duties in subsection (3), leaves no room for application of common law tort duties. While the General Assembly did not use the word "duty" in subsection (3), the status classifications in the subsection necessarily and clearly delineate the duty a landowner owes an injured trespasser, licensee, or invitee. Thus, a landowner owes a trespasser, who "may recover only for damages willfully or deliberately caused by the landowner," the duty not to willfully or deliberately cause damages to a trespassing party.

Similarly, the premises liability statute's classification of the duty owed licensees and invitees is also complete and exclusive. Under the statute, a landowner owes a licensee the duty to exercise reasonable care regarding known dangers created by the landowner and to warn of known dangers not created by the landowner that are not ordinarily present on the particular type of property involved. Furthermore, a landowner owes an invitee the duty to exercise reasonable care in protecting against known dangers or those which the landowner should have known. Since these are the "only" situations under which a trespasser, licensee, or invitee may recover, the statute's definition of landowner duty is complete and exclusive, fully abrogating landowner common law duty principles. As such, the plain language preempts prior common law theories of liability, and establishes the statute as the sole codification of landowner duties in tort.

The operational mechanism of the statute further demonstrates the General Assembly's intent to preempt common law tort duty analyses. At common law the existence of a duty was a question of law to be determined by the court. E.g., Cary, 68 P.3d at 465. Under the premises liability statute, the only issue of law to be determined by the court is the classification of the injured plaintiff; liability and damages are questions of fact to be determined by the finder of fact. § 13-21-115(4). In keeping with our responsibility to give effect to every word and term contained within the statute, if possible, Cacioppo, 92 P.3d at 463, a judge's common law obligation to determine the existence of landowner duties is inconsistent with the limited role the statute assigns the judge, and would impermissibly enlarge the role of the court beyond that indicated in the statute's plain language.

Since the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous on its face, we need not look beyond its plain terms, Garhart, 95 P.3d at 591, and must apply the statute as written, In re 2000-2001 Dist. Grand Jury, 97 P.3d at 924. Even so, our construction of the statute as preemptive and exhaustive is consistent with case law from the court of appeals and the observations of authoritative Colorado tort commentators. Several panels of the court of appeals have reached the conclusion that the premises liability statute is the exclusive remedy available for injured parties against landowners. See Henderson, 70 P.3d at 613 (in slip and fall negligence action construing scope of "landowner" under premises liability statute, court explained that "premises liability act . . . provides the exclusive remedy against a landowner for injuries sustained on the landowner's property") (citations omitted); Teneyck v. Roller Hockey Colorado, Ltd., 10 P.3d 707, 709 (Colo.App. 2000) (where injured sports spectator brought negligence action against facility owner, court held that "General Assembly has enacted the premises liability statute, which provides the sole means of recovery for a plaintiff against a landowner"); Thornbury, 991 P.2d at 340 (in negligence action involving statutory immunity, court noted that "plaintiff may recover against a landowner only pursuant to . . . premises liability statute and not under any other theory of negligence, general, or otherwise"); Casey v. Christie Lodge Owners Ass'n, 923 P.2d 365, 367-68 (Colo.App. 1996) (affirming summary judgment against plaintiff because "standards of care for landowners set forth in [premises liability statute] apply in any civil action brought against a landowner by a person who alleges injury occurring while on the real property of another and by reason of the condition of such property, or activities conducted or circumstances existing on such property" and plaintiff did not allege any statutory landowner duty); see also Calvert v. Aspen Skiing Co., 700 F.Supp. 520, 522 (D.Colo. 1988) (premises liability statute "abrogates all common law claims for negligence"); Sofford, 954 F.Supp. at 1461 ("[L]anguage [in subsection (2)] is unambiguous . . . that [a] plaintiff may recover against [a] landowner . . . only pursuant to that statute and not under any other theory of negligence, general or otherwise."). In addition, according to two well-respected commentators:

No area of tort law was affected more by the 1986 legislative [tort] reforms than was premises liability. Decades of evolution in the common law were swept aside by 1986 House Bill 1205 [the premises liability statute]. That legislation changed the rules to such an extent that Colorado appellate decisions based upon common-law principles are of little or no authority for claims subject to the new legislation.

Grund Miller, supra, § 19.1, at 310; see also Noyes, supra, at 71-72 (discussing the statute's classifications as defining landowner duties).

In summary, while a statute must generally be taken subject to the common law, Bradley, 8 Colo. at 604, 9 P. at 786, our analysis of the premises liability statute convinces us that the General Assembly clearly and manifestly expressed its intent, through the plain language of the statute, to abrogate the common law of landowner duties, see Vaughan, 945 P.2d at 408. A countervailing construction would fail to give effect to the preemptive language in subsection (2), the clear delineation of landowner duties in subsection (3), and the limited role of the court in subsection (4), rendering it a nullity — a result we seek to avoid.

C. The General Assembly Did Not Specifically Adopt the Common Law Open and Obvious Danger Doctrine

Where the interaction of common law and statutory law is at issue, we acknowledge and respect the General Assembly's authority to modify or abrogate common law. Beach, 74 P.3d at 4; see also § 2-4-211, C.R.S. (2004) ("The common law . . . shall be the rule of decision, and shall be considered as of full force until repealed by legislative authority."). Here, the General Assembly abrogated the common law with respect to landowner duties when it passed Colorado's premises liability statute. Having chosen to exclusively set forth the nature and extent of duties owed by a landowner, the General Assembly also abrogated the common law regarding defenses to the existence of such duties. Consequently, while a landowner may argue that he owes no duty to an injured plaintiff, he may do so only pursuant to the defenses set forth in the statute. For that reason, we now must determine whether the General Assembly specifically intended the open and obvious danger doctrine to be one of these defenses. We conclude that it did not.

First, we look to the plain language of the statute. While the General Assembly did not use the word "defenses" in subsection (3) when it precisely defined landowner duties, a landowner clearly can argue that he owed no duty under the statute. For example, in a premises liability suit by a licensee, a landowner can argue that: he did not create the danger; he did not actually know of the danger; the danger was not one ordinarily present on the landowner's type of property; he exercised reasonable care or did not unreasonably fail to do so; and, he warned the invitee or did not unreasonably fail to do so. See § 13-21-115(3)(b). Moreover, a landowner even could claim that he is not a landowner as defined by the statute, thereby owing no duty at all. See § 13-21-115(1).

Conversely, both as initially enacted in 1986, see Gallegos, 779 P.2d at 859, and as amended in 1990, the language chosen to describe a landowner's duties is nowhere qualified by a reference to "open and obvious dangers" or any substantially similar phrase or concept. Since the General Assembly is presumed to have knowledge of existing case law, e.g., Pierson, 48 P.3d at 1219, had the General Assembly intended to limit the preemption of landowner liability by retaining the open and obvious danger doctrine, it could have done so. Particularly in light of the Smith case, 726 P.2d 1125, which was decided only a few years prior to the 1990 amendments, and its many predecessors, the General Assembly's failure to include any textual reference to open and obvious dangers is particularly enlightening.

The absence of a statutory reference to the open and obvious danger doctrine is especially instructive when contrasted with the General Assembly's inclusion of the attractive nuisance doctrine, another common law defense to the imposition of landowner duties. Indeed, the General Assembly expressly provided for the attractive nuisance doctrine. See § 13-21-115(2). As a result, we must construe the premises liability statute to mean that the inclusion of attractive nuisance necessarily excludes the open and obvious danger doctrine. See Lunsford, 908 P.2d at 84.

Consistent with this analysis, we are persuaded that the reasoning expressed in Teneyck v. Roller Hockey Colorado, Ltd., 10 P.3d at 709-10, as opposed to that of the court of appeals in this case, represents a correct reading of the statute. In Teneyck the plaintiff was struck by an errant hockey puck while a spectator at a roller hockey game. Id. at 708. The owner of the hockey facility sought summary judgment in the ensuing negligence action, arguing that under the common law he owed no duty to sporting event spectators because the risks of attending such events are "common, frequent, and expected during the activity in question." Id. (citing Jones v. Three Rivers Mgmt. Corp., 483 Pa. 75, 394 A.2d 546 (1978); Pestalozzi v. Phila. Flyers, Ltd., 394 Pa.Super. 420, 576 A.2d 72 (1990)). The court of appeals rejected the defendant's attempt to engraft this common law no duty defense onto the premises liability statute, holding that "[b]ecause the General Assembly has undertaken expressly to define the scope of landowner liability through its enactment of the premises liability statute, [the] act provides the framework for the analysis of plaintiff's claims here." Id. at 710. Highlighting the existence of statutory premises liability exceptions for baseball park owners, the court of appeals further declared: "it is apparent that, had the General Assembly wished to provide an exemption from civil liability for other spectator sports or activities, it could have done so." Id.; see also Lunsford, 908 P.2d at 84; cf. Pierson, 48 P.3d at 1219-21 (General Assembly did not intend to include common law "exclusive possession" requirement within premises liability statute's definition of "landowner").

IV. Conclusion

In Colorado's premises liability statute, the General Assembly intended to establish an exclusive specification of the duties landowners owe to those injured on their property. As such, common law landowner duties do not survive its enactment.

Having chosen to exclusively set forth the nature and extent of duties owed by a landowner, the General Assembly also abrogated the common law regarding defenses to the existence of such duties. While a landowner may argue that he owes no duty to an injured plaintiff, he may do so only pursuant to the defenses set forth in the statute.

Nothing in the plain language of the statute, either expressly or by clear implication, incorporates the common law defense of open and obvious dangers. Therefore, we hold that the common law open and obvious danger doctrine does not survive the enactment of Colorado's premises liability statute.

Finding such, we further hold that the trial court erroneously considered the Franklins' common law open and obvious danger defense to their statutory duty as landowners, and that the trial court's grant of summary judgment in this case was improper. The Franklins' duty toward Vigil, if any, must be determined exclusively under Colorado's premises liability statute, without regard to the common law. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the court of appeals and remand this case to the court of appeals with instructions to remand to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

The judgment of the court of appeals is reversed.

Justice KOURLIS dissents, Justice HOBBS and Justice COATS join in the dissent.