Summary
distinguishing "exception" from "reservation" and noting that "the scrivener's choice of terms is given appropriate but not conclusive weight"
Summary of this case from In re Petition of GuiteOpinion
Opinion filed November 15, 1928.
Deeds — Construction of Contracts — "Profit à Prendre" — Mines and Minerals — Contract Construed To Grant Right To Prospect on Land and Option To Purchase — Construction Placed on Instrument by Parties — Intention of Parties — Abandonment or Revocation of Right To Prospect for Minerals — Parol Evidence To Show Abandonment or Revocation — Time within Which Option To Purchase Must Be Exercised Where Contract Silent as To Time — Specific Performance of Contract after Expiration of Reasonable Time within Which To Exercise Option.
1. In construction of deeds, master rule is that intention of parties, when ascertainable from entire instrument, prevails over technical terms or their formal arrangement.
2. While language of a written instrument governs in determining its effect and operation, in construing such language situation of parties, subject-matter, and object and purposes sought to be accomplished may be considered.
3. A profit à prendre is the right to take soil, gravel, minerals, and the like from the land of another, or to hunt, trap, fish, etc., on land of another.
4. Contract granting party right to prospect for minerals on land of another, and granting option to purchase such portion of land as he might require for mining operations, held not to create a profit à prendre, since right to take away minerals, etc., from land was wholly lacking.
5. Under such contract, if right to prospect for minerals also implied right to carry away soil or minerals for purpose of testing, latter right was a mere incident to prospecting, and insufficient to create a profit à prendre.
6. Language of instrument, considered in connection with situation of parties, subject-matter, and object and purpose sought to be accomplished, held to indicate intention merely to grant right to examine land to determine whether party desired to purchase land, and option to purchase it, if desired.
7. Construction which parties placed upon instrument, as evidenced by their conduct extending over a period of more than seven years, may be considered, if necessary, in determining what was thereby intended.
8. Under contract granting party right to prospect for minerals on land of another, and granting option to purchase such portion of land as he might require for mining operations, words of inheritance and assignability appearing in that part of instrument which provides for right of examination cannot be permitted to override plain intent of parties, or create an interest in real estate out of an agreement obviously not intended to have that effect.
9. Right to prospect for minerals on land of another not being required to be in writing, abandonment, surrender, or revocation of such right could be established in same manner as if it rested in parol.
10. Where agreement, granting party right to prospect for minerals on land of another, with option to purchase such portion of land as he might require for mining operations, fixed no time within which prospecting was to be done, or option exercised, law presumes that a reasonable time was intended for each.
11. Under such agreement, where grantees of rights commenced prospecting property soon after execution of agreement, and continued such prospecting nearly a year and subsequently notified owner of land that the result of their examination was such that they were "not interested" in property, assignee, acquiring grantees' "rights" more than seven years thereafter, and entering upon and examining defendant's land all without her knowledge, and attempting to exercise option, held to have no right to specific performance, since reasonable time within which option was to be exercised had expired, and situation was not affected either by fact that defendant's status toward her own property had not changed, or by fact that some one had expended a considerable sum in making an unwarranted examination.
APPEAL IN CHANCERY. Heard on pleadings and chancellor's findings of fact after the December Term, 1926, Bennington County, Sherburne, Chancellor. Decree dismissing bill of complaint. The plaintiff appealed. The opinion states the case. Decree affirmed, and cause remanded.
F.C. Archibald, Holden Healy, and Ropes, Gray, Boyden Perkins (of Boston, Mass.), for the plaintiff.
The grant, by an instrument under seal of a right to go on the land of another and sever property from the soil, e.g., minerals, creates a profit à prendre. Tiffany, Real Property, pp. 868 and 1396; Arnold v. Stevens, 24 Pick. (Mass.) 106; New Haven v. Hotchkiss, 77 Conn. 168; Smith v. Cooley, 65 Cal. 46; Gloninger v. Franklin Coal Co., 55 Pa. St. 9; Baker v. Kenney, 145 Iowa, 638; Fitzgerald v. Firbank, 2 Ch. Div. 96; Compare, Payne v. Sheets, 75 Vt. 335, and note 31 Har. Law R. 882. See, also, Blewett v. Tregonning, 3 Ad. El. 554; Constable v. Nicholson, 14 C.B.N.S. 230; Maxwell v. Martin, 6 Bing, 522.
Even though the instrument grants only the right to take away such minerals as are necessary for the purpose of testing to determine the value of the property for mining purposes, such limited right, when created by a grant is nevertheless a profit. Fitzgerald v. Firbank, 2 Ch. Div. 96; Grubb v. Grubb, 74 Pa. St. 25; Welcome v. Upton, 6 M. W. 536.
Profits are legal interests in rem. Payne v. Sheets, 75 Vt. 335; Tinicum Fishing Co. v. Carter, 61 Pa. St. 21; New Haven v. Hotchkiss, 77 Conn. 168; Baker et al. v. Hart et al., 123 N.Y. 470; Calwalder v. Bailey, 17 R.I. 495.
Like other interests in real estate, right of profit à prendre is held in fee for life, years, or at will. Tiffany, Real Property, § 381; Smith v. Cooley, 65 Cal. 46; Tinicum Fishing Co. v. Carter, 61 Pa. St. 21; Huff v. McCauley, 53 Pa. St. 206; Thompson on Real Property, § 295; Munn v. Stone et al., 4 Cush. (Mass.) 146.
Where an interest in real estate is given A, his heirs and assigns, A has the fee, and this is also true of profits. New Haven v. Hotchkiss, 77 Conn. 168; Welcome v. Upton, 6 M. W. 536; Rich v. Doneghey, 71 Okl. 204.
The option to purchase contained in the instrument is coextensive in duration with the profit, under which circumstances requirement that time for exercise of option must be fixed or determinable is met. Tiffany, Real Property, p. 1411; Morse v. Aldrich, 19 Pick. (Mass.) 449; Ball v. Milliken, 31 R.I. 36; Furnival v. Crew, Atk. 83; Copper Mining Co. v. Beach, 13 Beavan, 478; Blackmore v. Boardman, 28 Mo. 420; Banks et al. v. Haskie, 45 Md. 207; Hagar, Assignor v. Buck, 44 Vt. 285.
One purchasing land with notice of a prior option takes subject thereto. Hagar, Assignor v. Buck, supra; Ross v. Parks, 93 Ala. 153; Sizer v. Clark, 116 Wis. 534; Horgan v. Russell, 24 N.D. 490; House v. Jackson, 24 Ore. 89; Williston, Contracts, § 936.
A profit is an incorporeal hereditament, and a conveyance or reconveyance of an incorporeal hereditament can only be by grant. i.e., an instrument under seal. Heller v. Dailey, 28 Ind. A. 555; Tiffany, Real Property, p. 1399; Tracy v. Atherton, 36 Vt. 503; Sowles v. Sowles Minot et al., 82 Vt. 344.
The doctrine of abandonment of incorporeal interests has no place in our law if extended beyond cases where there is a technical estoppel. Heller v. Dailey, supra; Mason v. Horton, 67 Vt. 266; Scott v. Moore, 98 Va. 668.
There can be no abandonment so as to affect the rights of a subsequent purchaser relying on the records. Dahlberg v. Haeberle, 71 N.J. Law, 514; Ward et ux. v. Tripple State Nat. Gas Oil Co., 131 Ky. 711; Harvey v. Rubin, 219 Mich. 307; Braswell et al. v. Columbia County Development Co. et al., 153 La. 691.
Collins M. Graves and George L. Hunt for the defendant.
The part of agreement sought to be enforced is a mere option, and unless tender and demand made were effective to ripen option into contract, plaintiff has no contract capable of specific enforcement, nor any estate in the property under that part of the agreement, and what estate, if any, plaintiff may have under the other part of the agreement is otherwise immaterial. Durfee House Furn. Co. v. Great Atl. Pac. Tea Co., 100 Vt. 204, 207, 208, and cases cited.
Until acceptance, the option was a conditional unilateral undertaking, and there was no enforceable covenant until the condition was performed. Kadish v. Lyon (Ill.), 82 N.E. 194.
The implied condition of the option that it should be exercised within a reasonable time was not met, and in such an option time is the essence of the contract, and, if no time is mentioned, it is a reasonable time, unless a valid excuse exists for delay. 40 C.J. 953, 954, 956, and cases cited; 13 C.J. 683, 684, and cases cited; James on Option Contracts, §§ 376, 856, 862; West Virginia Pulp Paper Co. v. Cooper (W. Va.), 106 S.E. 55, 59.
Time being the essence of the option, although a reasonable rather than a specified time, and there having been no acceptance within that time, plaintiff is not entitled to specific performance. Sowles v. Hall, 62 Vt. 247, 254; Smead v. Lampher, 87 Vt. 1, 3; Deerfield Lumber Co. v. Lyman, 89 Vt. 201, 211.
The intention and situation of the parties, surrounding circumstances, subject-matter, and object and purpose to be accomplished are to be considered in construing an instrument, but rules of construction cannot override the intention of the parties as drawn from the instrument itself. Burlington v. Mayor of Burlington, 98 Vt. 388, 397; Johnson v. Barden, 86 Vt. 19, 25, and cases cited; De Goosh v. Baldwin, 85 Vt. 312; 317; Walker v. Pierce, 38 Vt. 94, 97; Robinson v. Railroad Co., 59 Vt. 426, 432; Keeler v. Wood, 30 Vt. 242, 245; Flagg v. Eames, 40 Vt. 16, 23; Clarke v. Myles, 95 Vt. 460, 463.
The doctrine of profit à prendre is inapplicable to the rights and interests given by the instrument in question, as it presupposes a profit or intrinsic value in what is taken, and does not apply to the bare right to prospect. See Post v. Pearsall, 22 Wend. 425, 432.
Grants of the right to dig, mine, and carry away minerals from lands convey no interest or title in the minerals until they are removed; and the right to take them is a mere license, which, if not acted upon in a way to make its revocation a fraud or inequitable toward the licensee, may be revoked at any time; and a conveyance of the title to the premises by the licensor, in such circumstances, effects a revocation. Doe v. Wood, 2 B. A. 724; Funk v. Haldeman, 53 Pa. St. 229; Barnhart v. Lockwood, 152 Pa. St. 82; Eckert v. Peters, 55 N.J. Eq. 379; East Jersey Iron Co. v. Wright, 32 N.J. Eq. 248; Berry v. Porter, 52 N.J. Eq. 664.
The rights conferred by the instrument do not partake of any interest in the soil, and in so far as they relate to entry and acts upon the premises are at most incorporeal, and may be lost by abandonment. Deerfield Lumber Co. v. Lyman, 89 Vt. 201; New Haven v. Hotchkiss, 77 Conn. 168; Hughes v. Farmers' Natl. Bank, 83 Vt. 386; Congregationalist Society v. Stark, 34 Vt. 243; Hughes v. Vail, 57 Vt. 41, 44.
Present: POWERS, SLACK, MOULTON, and CHASE, JJ.
The plaintiff seeks specific performance of a contract which is in the language following:
"This indenture made and concluded this 31st day of August 1917 by and between Allie M. and Lula A. Stratton of Bennington in the County of Bennington and State of Vermont, parties of the first part, and I.W. Horn of Brandon in the County of Rutland and State of Vermont, party of the second part,
Witnesseth;
That whereas the said Allie M. and Lula A. Stratton, parties of the first part are the owners of certain real estate situate in said Bennington containing two hundred acres of land more or less, and being the land and premises conveyed to the said Strattons by warranty deed of Charlotte Stratton dated November 14th, 1911 and recorded in book 72 at page 139 of the Bennington Land Records.
And whereas the said I.W. Horn, party of the first part, his heirs and assigns, is desirous of prospecting said real estate for minerals,
Now therefore, in consideration of one dollar and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, the said parties of the first part hereby grant to the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, the right to go upon said premises at any and all times by himself, his agents, laborers and assigns with beasts and vehicles loaded and unloaded and to erect thereon the suitable paraphernalia necessary for the purpose of digging and prospecting for minerals.
It is further understood and agreed that the party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, by reason of the consideration herein set forth, is to be allowed to use the water flowing on said premises the same to be so used as not to interfere with the parties of the first part obtaining sufficient water for domestic purposes.
It is understood and agreed that the party of the second part is not to use the water and then return the same to the brook in such a way as to interfere with the parties of the first part obtaining pure water supply such as they have now.
It is further understood and agreed that the party of the second part is to have the free and uninterrupted use of all roads now built and in use on said described premises and further that the party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, may erect necessary sluice ways, pipe line, telephone or cable as may be deemed necessary to the proper carrying out of his mining operations.
It is agreed, however, that any new roads found necessary to be built and constructed by the party of the second part shall be paid for by the party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, at the rate of One Hundred Dollars ($100) per acre.
Now then it is understood and agreed that if the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, is satisfied that there are minerals in or upon said premises, and if he desires to purchase any portion of said premises, the said parties of the first part hereby agree to sell and convey said premises or a portion thereof to the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, and to give to the said party of the second part a sufficient warranty deed of such land as the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, may require for the proper purpose of carrying on mining operations.
It is understood and agreed hereby that the party of the second part will pay to the parties of the first part One Hundred Dollars ($100) per acre for any and all land so required by him, his heirs and assigns.
In witness whereof the parties hereto set their hands and seals this 31st day of August, 1917.
In presence of Allie M. Stratton (L.S.) W.J. Meagher Lula A. Stratton (L.S.) Lucina Harrington I.W. Horn (L.S.)"
Issue was joined on the complaint and answer, and on facts found and stated by the chancellor a decree dismissing the complaint was entered, from which plaintiff appealed.
The facts material to the questions presented are these: The instrument in question was executed and recorded like a deed of real estate. Soon after its execution Horn, Crockett Company, a copartnership engaged in mining and refining china clay, and with whom Horn was associated, began prospecting the Stratton land to ascertain whether it carried clay deposits which they wished to develop, and continued such prospecting from time to time until the last of the following July, when they ceased operation, and never made any further examination of said land. During all the time that Horn held said agreement it was treated by the partners as firm property. On June 18, 1918, the Strattons conveyed their land to defendant, and by the same instrument conveyed "whatever benefit or interest we now have in a certain lease given to Horn Crockett Co. of Brandon, Vt., for digging, prospecting, and taking away clay." The defendant knew or ought to have known of the Stratton-Horn agreement and the provisions thereof. Under date of May 8, 1919, Horn, Crockett Co., wrote defendant's husband, who was authorized to act for her: "We are not interested in the Stratton property as our borings showed that there was no body of clay there that would be worth trying to develop." Under date of September 17, 1919, said firm wrote defendant's husband offering to sell such results of their prospecting as they then had for $100, and stated that they thought the charge a low one since such information cost them over $1,400. Under date of December 2, 1921, said firm again wrote defendant's husband: "The White Chapel farm (referring to the Stratton land) we have already examined and there is nothing there that would interest us." The Stratton property was treated by Horn and the defendant, each to the knowledge of the other, as of no further interest to Horn after May 8, 1919, until about August 12, 1926, when he assigned and conveyed to plaintiff all his "estate, right, title and interest to and under" the Stratton agreement. Shortly after this transfer the plaintiff, and others acting under its authority and consent, began an investigation of the land in question, from which it was determined that there was a substantial quantity of good kaolin thereon. Over $10,000 was expended in this latter investigation, not over $100 of which was furnished by plaintiff. As soon as defendant, who was then in California, learned of these operations, she ordered them stopped and demanded damages for what had been done. On December 22, 1926, plaintiff tendered defendant $3,131, which amount was sufficient under the terms of the Stratton-Horn agreement to cover the land it wanted, and demanded a warranty deed of such land. The defendant refused to accept the tender or to give a deed. It further appears that prior to the hearing before the chancellor, the defendant was never informed by Horn, his firm, or the plaintiff, nor had she in any way learned that they or any of them had determined that there were minerals which they desired to mine in or upon the land covered by the deed demanded other than what she must necessarily have inferred from the tender and demand, and that at the time of such tender and demand a reasonable time for the exercise of the option in the Stratton-Horn agreement had expired. The chancellor states that there was no evidence tending to show that the plaintiff had any knowledge of any communication between defendant and Horn or his firm or had any knowledge that defendant claimed that any interest or right under the Stratton-Horn agreement had been abandoned, surrendered, or in any way terminated prior to October 12, 1926; or that defendant had in any way changed her status or plans respecting such land by reason of the acts now claimed to constitute an abandonment, surrender, or termination of that agreement.
The first and important question is the effect of the Stratton-Horn agreement. The plaintiff contends that it gave Horn an inheritable, assignable profit à prendre in the Stratton land, with an option to purchase the same coextensive in duration with the profit. The defendant claims that it merely gave Horn a right to prospect the Stratton land for the purpose of determining whether he wished to purchase it, and, if he did, to have a deed of such part as he elected to take.
That this instrument was very unskillfully drawn to effect either object claimed must be admitted. That certain language appearing therein was used as mere matter of form with little or no regard for its legal effect is manifestly true. Nevertheless, when all its provisions are considered together, as they must be, there seems to be no doubt as to what the parties intended. Our master rule of construction of deeds is that the intention of the parties, when ascertainable from the entire instrument, prevails over technical terms or their formal arrangement. Johnson et al. v. Barden et al., 86 Vt. 19, 83 A. 721, Ann. Cas. 1915A, 1243; DeGoosh v. Baldwin Russ, 85 Vt. 312, 82 A. 182; Robinson v. Missisquoi Railroad Co., 59 Vt. 426, 10 A. 522; Collins v. Lavelle, 44 Vt. 231; Flagg v. Eames, 40 Vt. 16, 94 A.D. 363; Mills v. Catlin, 22 Vt. 98; State v. Trask, 6 Vt. 355, 27 A.D. 554.
Then, too, while the language of a written instrument governs in determining its effect and operation, in construing such language the situation of the parties, the subject-matter, and the object and purposes sought to be accomplished may be considered. City of Burlington ex rel. v. Mayor of Burlington, 98 Vt. 388, 398, 127 A. 892; Crosby v. Montgomery, 38 Vt. 238; Walker v. Pierce, 38 Vt. 94; Robinson v. Missisiquoi Railroad Co., supra.
Applying these rules of construction to the instrument before us, what is the result? Neither the language used therein, nor the formality attending its execution, standing alone, was sufficient to create a profit à prendre, which is defined to be "the right to take soil, gravel, minerals and the like from the land of another" (3 Bouv. Law Dict. 2736); or to hunt, trap, fish, etc., on the land of another (Payne v. Sheets, 75 Vt. 335, 55 A. 656), since this essential element, viz., the right to take away minerals, etc., from the Stratton land, is wholly lacking. Nothing in this instrument can be construed as being intended to convey such a right, unless, as claimed by the plaintiff, the right to prospect implied the right to carry away soil or minerals for the purpose of testing, which is more or less conjectural, but, if true, since a mere incident to the prospecting, would not suffice to create such an estate as plaintiff claims. Numerous cases are to be found where instruments combining the right to mine, if desired, with the right to prospect, have been held to create such an estate; but no case has come to our attention, and we dare say that none exist, where a mere right to prospect, regardless of the implied rights incident thereto, has been held to do so. It seems perfectly apparent that the intention of the parties to this agreement, to be deduced from the language of the instrument itself, was simply to give Horn, and perhaps his assigns, a right to examine the Stratton land for the purpose of determining whether he or they wanted to purchase it, and an option to purchase, if it was desired to do so. However, if the language of the instrument leaves doubt as to this, such doubt is dispelled when the language is considered in connection with the situation of the parties, the subject-matter, and the object and purpose which they sought to accomplish as appears from the findings above stated. Then, too, the construction which the parties placed upon this instrument as evidenced by their conduct extending over a period of more than seven years may be considered, if necessary, in determining what was thereby intended (Barker et al. v. Troy Rutland R.R. Co., 27 Vt. 766, 776; Vt. Canada R.R. Co. v. Vermont Central R.R. Co., 34 Vt. 1, 64; White v. Amsden, 67 Vt. 1, 30 A. 972; Kopper v. Fullerton, 71 Vt. 211, 44 A. 92; Douglass Varnum v. Morrisville, 89 Vt. 393, 470, 95 A. 810; Clarke v. Mylkes et al., 95 Vt. 460, 115 A. 492), and this, too, tends to refute the plaintiff's claim.
The words of inheritance and assignability that appear in that part of the instrument which provides for the right of examination cannot be permitted to override the plain intent of the parties, or to create an interest in real estate out of an agreement that was obviously not intended to have that effect.
Since it was not necessary that the right to prospect be in writing, abandonment, surrender, or revocation of such right could be established in the same manner as if it rested in parole.
Assuming, but not deciding, that the rights and obligations of these parties are the same under this agreement as were those of the original parties thereto (they cannot be greater), the decree must be affirmed. The agreement fixed no time within which the prospecting was to be done, or the option exercised. In this situation the law presumes that a reasonable time was intended for each. Horn, and his associates, completed such examination as they cared to make July 31, 1918, and the following May so notified the defendant, in effect, and at the same time notified her that the result of their examination was such that they were not interested in the property. More than seven years thereafter the plaintiff acquired from Horn such rights as he then had under this agreement, and entered upon and examined defendant's land all without her knowledge, and on December 22, 1926, attempted to exercise the option. It is found, and very properly so in the circumstances, that a reasonable time in which to do this had then expired. This finding, which is unchallenged, disposes of the case. Neither the fact that defendant's status toward her own property had not been changed, nor the fact that some one had expended a considerable sum in making an unwarranted examination thereof, can affect the result. She acted well within her legal rights and they acted without any apparent justification whatever.
It is unnecessary to consider the question of abandonment.
Decree affirmed, and cause remanded.