Summary
In Varo v. Comprehensive Designers, Inc., 504 F.2d 1103 (9th Cir. 1974), we held that an order requiring the parties to submit to pre-trial arbitration was appealable but noted that if it were not, we would be willing to treat the appeal as a petition for mandamus or to request the district judge to certify the question under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b).
Summary of this case from Hartland v. Alaska AirlinesOpinion
Nos. 73-1214, 73-1215.
October 3, 1974.
Gary H. Wiles (argued), La Jolla, Cal., for plaintiffs-appellants.
Wallace R. Peck, of Jennings, Engstrand Henrikson, San Diego, Cal., for defendants-appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California.
OPINION
In the separate complaints of the plaintiffs, Varo and Stucker (franchisees), they assert anti-trust violations under the Sherman Act (15 U.S.C. § 1-7) against the defendant, franchisor, in two counts.
The third count in each addresses itself to fraud in the inducement. If only the third count were involved, it should go to arbitration as provided in the basic agreements. The first two counts are pending and open. The district court has stayed the proceedings before it and ordered the parties to arbitrate the fraud count of each. Plaintiffs have appealed.
At the threshold, we are confronted with the contention that the order staying the suit is not appealable. We conclude it is. However, we do not pause to attempt to prove our views because we think that the situation is such on the record here that were we to hold that the order denying the stay was unappealable, we should take the extraordinary step of converting the appeal into mandamus or prohibition, ordinarily something to be done stingily. Shapiro v. Bonanza Hotel Co., 185 F.2d 777, 779 (9th Cir. 1950). Also, we could request the district court to proceed under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), an interlocutory appeal. We conclude only that the possibility of plaintiffs prevailing on their anti-trust counts is so strong that arbitration should be stayed pending the outcome of the legality issues.
Cobb v. Lewis, 488 F.2d 41, 46 (5th Cir. 1974); A. E. Plastik Pak Co. v. Monsanto Company, 396 F.2d 710, 713 (9th Cir. 1968); American Safety Equipment Corp. v. J. P. Maguire Co., 391 F.2d 821, 824-825 (2d Cir. 1968).
Our recent decision in Danford v. Schwabacher, 488 F.2d 454 (9th Cir. 1974), does not undermine the force of these cases. Danford simply laid down a rule of choice in situations where the underlying cause of action defied classification as either legal or equitable for purposes of the Enelow-Ettelson rule. Here, the fraudulent inducement claim sounds primarily in law rather than equity. Furthermore, the arbitration relief sought here is classified as an equitable defense. Danford v. Schwabacher, supra, at 456. The order is thus appealable.
In our view, the pleaded documents make a prima facie case of running counter to the Sherman Act, a situation perhaps approached in Radovich v. National Football League, 352 U.S. 445, 77 S.Ct. 390, 1 L.Ed.2d 456 (1957). This does not mean there can be no defenses and we do not make an ultimate ruling on the legality of the arrangement. We simply hold that we have seen enough to believe plaintiffs' chances on illegality are so strong that arbitration should be stayed pending final resolution of the illegality issues. It is rare that much of the anti-trust charges tentatively appear vindicated on the surface. Usually they have to be found under the covers.
See Ring v. Spina, 148 F.2d 647, 650, 654 (2d Cir. 1945). Compare A. E. Plastik Pak Co. v. Monsanto Company, 396 F.2d 710, 716 (9th Cir. 1968).
In view of the circumstances, we order the arbitration stayed pending further order of the district court. The district court will know our wishes in the matter and it may desire to tidy up our order. It may do so.
The stay is effective forthwith, but petitions for rehearing may be filed within the normal time. And, of course, our action will not foreclose petitions for certiorari.
The district court, pending the final outcome, should vacate its order, including its finding that there was a valid contract. The district court should now proceed with the anti-trust counts.
Remanded for proceedings consistent herewith.