Summary
In Van Guilder the Court of Appeals addressed the scope of the recreational activities doctrine and declined to adopt the "speculative conclusion that our Supreme Court intended that a recklessness standard of care apply with regard to the operation of motorized recreation vehicles simply because they are usually used for recreational purposes."
Summary of this case from Allred v. BroekhuisOpinion
No. 223987.
Submitted November 13, 2001, at Detroit.
Decided December 11, 2001, 9:00 a.m. Updated March 1, 2002.
Appeal from Oakland Circuit Court, LC No. 99-012766-NO.
Roy J. Transit and Glen A. Kampman, for the plaintiffs.
Secrest, Wardle, Lynch, Hampton, Truex and Morley (by Michael L. Updike), for the defendant.
Before: Cavanagh, P.J., and Doctoroff and Jansen, JJ.
Plaintiffs appeal as of right from the trial court's grant of summary disposition, pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), in favor of defendant in this negligence action. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
This action arises as a consequence of injuries sustained by plaintiff, Reed J. Van Guilder, while riding an off-road recreation vehicle (ORV). In July 1998, plaintiff and defendant, Brad Collier, were each riding four-wheel ORVs on vacant land. In the course of attempting to travel up a hill, plaintiff's ORV began slowing and experiencing difficulty as it neared the top of the hill. Defendant, who was riding his ORV directly behind plaintiff, gave his ORV some gas and "nudged" the rear of plaintiff's ORV in an apparent attempt to push plaintiff to the top of the hill. However, instead, plaintiff's ORV flipped over backwards, throwing plaintiff onto the ground where he landed on his back. Defendant, who was "going at a pretty good speed," proceeded to run over plaintiff. As a consequence of the incident, plaintiff allegedly sustained injuries, including a broken neck.
Plaintiff Lorie Ann Van Guilder alleged loss of consortium caused by her husband's injuries. Because her claim is derivative, the term "plaintiff" refers only to Reed J. Van Guilder.
Thereafter, plaintiffs filed this negligence action. The trial court, relying on Ritchie-Gamester v Berkley, 461 Mich. 73; 597 N.W.2d 517 (1999), granted defendant's motion for summary disposition, holding that the standard of care for claims arising out of recreational activity is recklessness and plaintiffs' allegations, as well as the evidence, supported only a claim of ordinary negligence. The trial court also denied plaintiffs' motion to amend their complaint to include a count of recklessness, holding that such amendment would be futile because it was unsupported by the evidence. Subsequently, plaintiffs moved for reconsideration, arguing that the applicable standard of care is negligence and that Ritchie-Gamester was inapplicable because the operation of ORVs was not the type of "recreational activity" contemplated by the holding. The trial court denied plaintiffs' motion.
On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in applying a recklessness standard of care because the type of recreational activity considered in Ritchie-Gamester did not include the operation of motorized recreation vehicles. We agree. This Court reviews de novo a trial court's grant or denial of summary disposition. Spiek v Dep't of Transportation, 456 Mich. 331, 337; 572 N.W.2d 201 (1998).
To establish a prima facie case of negligence, a plaintiff must prove four elements: "(1) the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff, (2) the defendant breached that duty, (3) the defendant's breach was a proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries, and (4) the plaintiff suffered damages." Spikes v Banks, 231 Mich. App. 341, 355; 586 N.W.2d 106 (1998). In this case, the issue is whether defendant owed plaintiff a duty to avoid negligent conduct or merely to avoid reckless conduct in the operation of his ORV. We conclude that the applicable standard of care is negligence.
In Ritchie-Gamester, supra, the plaintiff was injured while ice skating during an open skating session when another skater, who had been skating backwards, ran into her causing her to fall and allegedly sustain injuries. The plaintiff brought an action against the skater alleging negligence and our Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's dismissal of the case, holding that "coparticipants in a recreational activity owe each other a duty not to act recklessly." Id. at 95. The Supreme Court premised its holding, in part, on the proposition that persons who engage in recreational activities temporarily adopt a set of rules applicable to the particular pastime or sport and, by the nature of the activities, inherent risks of harm are foreseeable. Id. at 86, 88.
The instant case, however, is distinguishable from Ritchie-Gamester. In that case, the Court primarily focused its analysis on injuries sustained during the course of recreational activities that typically or foreseeably involve physical contact between coparticipants. To the contrary, a person operating a motorized recreation vehicle does not reasonably expect or anticipate the risk of physical contact, nor is such risk an obvious or necessary danger inherent to its normal operation. The Ritchie-Gamester Court did not contemplate injuries that occur as a result of physical contact between two such vehicles. This distinction is dispositive. We decline to adopt defendant's speculative conclusion that our Supreme Court intended that a recklessness standard of care apply with regard to the operation of motorized recreation vehicles simply because they are usually used for recreational purposes. The operation of motor vehicles, including ORVs, is not governed by the "rules of the game," but by the law.
A "motor vehicle" is defined by the Michigan Vehicle Code (MVC), MCL 257.33, as "every vehicle that is self-propelled. . . ." A "vehicle" is further defined by the MVC as "every device in, upon, or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway. . . ." MCL 257.79. An ORV is self-propelled and "may be transported or drawn upon a highway"; therefore, it is a motor vehicle under the MVC. Further, this Court has held that ORVs are vehicles to which certain provisions of the MVC apply. See People v O'Neal, 198 Mich. App. 118, 120; 497 N.W.2d 535 (1993). Subsection 401(1) of the civil liability act of the MVC, MCL 257.401(1), allows for the imposition of liability for injury caused by ordinary negligence in the operation of a motor vehicle. See Alex v Wildfong, 460 Mich. 10, 16; 594 N.W.2d 469 (1999). Whether MCL 257.401(1) applies to the operation of an ORV appears to present an issue of first impression; however, we hold that the statute is controlling and imposes a negligence, rather than a recklessness, standard of care.
Similarly, our Supreme Court has held that a moped and a snowmobile are motor vehicles within the ambit of the MVC. See People v Rogers, 438 Mich. 602, 605-606; 475 N.W.2d 717 (1991); Farm Bureau Mut Ins Co of Michigan v Stark, 437 Mich. 175, 183; 468 N.W.2d 498 (1991), overruled in part on other grounds, Smith v Globe Life Ins Co, 460 Mich. 446, 455, n 2; 597 N.W.2d 28 (1999).
The standard of care imposed regarding the operation of personal watercraft is also negligence. See MCL 324.80207.
The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to give effect to the intent of the Legislature. In re Messer Trust, 457 Mich. 371, 379-380; 579 N.W.2d 73 (1998). This Court first looks to the specific language of the statute to discern the intent of the Legislature. Charboneau v Beverly Enterprises, Inc, 244 Mich. App. 33, 40; 625 N.W.2d 75 (2000). If the plain and ordinary meaning of the language of the statute is clear, judicial construction is inappropriate. Id. Further, statutes that relate to the same subject or that share a common purpose are in pari materia and must be read together as one law, even if they were enacted on different dates. Travelers Ins v U-Haul of Michigan, Inc, 235 Mich. App. 273, 279-280; 597 N.W.2d 235 (1999).
In this case, it appears that two statutory schemes apply to the operation of ORVs; the off-road recreation vehicles section of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA), MCL 324.81101 et seq., and the MVC, specifically the civil liability act, MCL 257.401. MCL 257.401(1) provides, in relevant part:
Statutes governing off-road recreational vehicles were included in the MVC, MCL 257.1601 to 257.1626, until they were repealed by 1995 PA 58, § 90106, effective May 24, 1995, and reenacted, in large part, by 1995 PA 58, § 1, as part 811 of the recreation chapter of the NREPA, and are codified at MCL 324.81101 et seq.
This section shall not be construed to limit the right of a person to bring a civil action for damages for injuries to either person or property resulting from a violation of this act by the owner or operator of a motor vehicle or his or her agent or servant. The owner of a motor vehicle is liable for an injury caused by the negligent operation of the motor vehicle whether the negligence consists of a violation of a statute of this state or the ordinary care standard required by common law.
The off-road recreation vehicles section of the NREPA does not contain a particular provision that provides for civil liability arising from the operation of an ORV. Because both these statutory schemes relate to the same subject, i.e., motor vehicles, and are harmonious and complementary, the in pari materia doctrine is applicable and we read them together as one law. See State Treasurer v Schuster, 456 Mich. 408, 417; 572 N.W.2d 628 (1998), quoting Detroit v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 374 Mich. 543, 558; 132 N.W.2d 660 (1965); Travelers Ins, supra; M S, Inc v Attorney General, 165 Mich. App. 301, 306-307; 418 N.W.2d 441 (1987). Consequently, an ORV is a motor vehicle for purposes of the civil liability act; therefore, liability may be imposed for its negligent operation.
Further, in this case, an action under the civil liability act is not barred by the no-fault insurance act, MCL 500.3135, because ORVs are exempted from the no-fault insurance act. See MCL 324.81106; see, also, Travelers Ins, supra at 284-285; Morris v Allstate Ins Co, 230 Mich. App. 361, 368-369; 584 N.W.2d 340 (1998).
Accordingly, the trial court erred in granting defendant's motion for summary disposition. In consideration of our resolution of this dispositive issue, we need not review plaintiffs' remaining issues on appeal.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.