Summary
In Van Dam v Civil Service Bd of Grand Rapids, 162 Mich. App. 135; 412 N.W.2d 260 (1987), the Court of Appeals addressed the issue whether the Civil Rights Act required submission of affirmative action plans in order for the plan to receive protection under the act.
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Docket No. 91426.
Decided August 3, 1987.
Robert F. Mirque, P.C. (by Robert F. Mirque), for plaintiff.
G. Douglas Walton, for defendants.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from a circuit court order granting defendants summary disposition and dismissing plaintiff's claim of employment discrimination. Plaintiff asserted that the City of Grand Rapids' voluntary affirmative action plan violated the Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq., because it had not been approved by the Michigan Civil Rights Commission, as allegedly required by statute. Plaintiff, a fire fighter applicant, was passed over for employment in favor of several women who had received lower test scores than he did. We agree with plaintiff's claim and reverse the summary disposition order.
In 1984, the Grand Rapids Civil Service Board approved the one-time use of a dual, gender-based eligibility list as an affirmative action effort to increase the number of female fire fighters. After taking the written test in 1984, plaintiff ranked thirty-fifth on the list of hires. However, the city selected eight men and eight women for the available positions. Several of the women chosen scored below plaintiff on the examination.
The city had previously utilized a dual eligibility list for hiring racial and ethnic minorities and nonminorities pursuant to a consent decree entered in the United States District Court in January, 1973. The decree, which was entered following the filing of an employment discrimination suit against the city on the basis of practices for hiring fire fighters, provided for the implementation of an equal employment opportunity program within the city's fire department and utilization of a new testing instrument for the selection of fire fighters. In July, 1984, an order was entered suspending the effect of the consent decree for a period of three years.
On March 25, 1985, plaintiff filed a two-count complaint in circuit court alleging a violation of the Civil Rights Act and negligence. Defendants answered, denying that they, or the voluntary affirmative action plan, had violated plaintiff's civil rights. Defendants subsequently moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and 2.116(C)(10).
At a hearing held on March 6, 1986, the defendants framed the only issue facing the court as being whether the Civil Rights Act mandated that an affirmative action program be submitted to the Michigan Department of Civil Rights for approval in order for the program to receive the act's protections. Defense counsel argued that the act, specifically MCL 37.2210; MSA 3.548(210), contains no language that would suggest that submission of an affirmative action plan for approval is absolutely required. Plaintiff's attorney countered that § 210 explicitly states that, while a municipality need not initiate an affirmative action program, if it does then the plan must be submitted to the Civil Rights Commission for approval. Since the city had not submitted its gender-based eligibility plan to the commission for its approval, the plan was invalid. The trial court, however, agreed with defendants' argument and granted their motion. We find that the circuit court erred in interpreting § 210.
Section 210 provides:
A person subject to this article may adopt and carry out a plan to eliminate present effects of past discriminatory practices or assure equal opportunity with respect to religion, race, color, national origin, or sex if the plan is filed with the commission under rules of the commission and the commission approves the plan.
In dismissing plaintiff's claim, the circuit court interpreted the statute as being discretionary in nature, i.e., an affirmative action plan may, but need not, be submitted for approval. We believe that such a broad interpretation of the statute is contrary to its clear and unambiguous language.
A cardinal rule of statutory construction is that courts may not speculate as to the probable intent of the Legislature beyond the words employed in the statute. A word or a phrase in a statute is to be given its plain and ordinary meaning. Winiecki v Wolf, 147 Mich. App. 742, 744; 383 N.W.2d 119 (1985). When the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, judicial construction is neither required nor permitted. Such a statute must be applied, and not interpreted, since it speaks for itself. City of Lansing v Lansing Twp, 356 Mich. 641, 648-649; 97 N.W.2d 804 (1959); Winiecki, supra; Attard v Adamczyk, 141 Mich. App. 246, 250; 367 N.W.2d 75 (1985).
In the present case, the language of § 210 is clear and unambiguous. It provides that a person (here, a municipality) may initiate an affirmative action plan, but is not required to do so. If a plan is initiated, however, it must be submitted to the Civil Rights Commission for approval before it can take effect. Only the decision whether or not to initiate an affirmative action plan is discretionary. Where defendants and the trial court erred was in construing the statute as giving the city discretion in submitting the plan for commission approval. Clearly, once a plan is initiated, submission of the plan to the commission becomes mandatory.
Requiring prior commission approval of an affirmative action plan would further the act's purpose of prohibiting discriminatory practices, rulings, and customs. As a general proposition, the act prohibits discrimination of any sort in the areas of housing, education, employment, et cetera. MCL 37.2102(1); MSA 3.548(102)(1). However, the act recognizes that in some instances discrimination in favor of minorities is tolerable when it is employed to rectify past discriminatory practices. But, even this "reverse discrimination" is not without its limits. For example, some case authority has held that an affirmative action plan cannot require the discharge of nonminority workers and their replacement with minorities, it cannot create an absolute bar to the advancement of nonminority employees, and it must be temporary in nature and terminate when the under-utilization of minorities has been corrected. Vanguards of Cleveland v City of Cleveland, 753 F.2d 479, 484 (CA 6, 1985). Submission of a plan for approval would allow the commission to review the plan and determine if it exceeds the bounds of tolerable reverse discrimination. Without this review and approval process, a person could discriminate against nonminorities to any extent and in clear violation of the act.
In construing the Civil Rights Act, our courts regard federal precedent on analogous questions as highly persuasive, though not binding. Langlois v McDonald's Restaurants of Michigan, Inc, 149 Mich. App. 309, 312; 385 N.W.2d 778 (1986), lv den 426 Mich. 867 (1986).
A similar issue was addressed by a panel of this Court in J F Cavanaugh Co v Detroit, 126 Mich. App. 627; 337 N.W.2d 605 (1983). In Cavanaugh, the City of Detroit passed an ordinance which required, among other things, that contractors seeking to do business with the city must take affirmative action to achieve reasonable minority representation in their work forces. That ordinance was enacted without obtaining approval from the Civil Rights Commission. Although primarily a preemption case, Cavanaugh also discussed the validity of the city's plan. This Court stated:
In view of the statute's prohibition of discrimination, § 210 implicitly precludes the use of an affirmative action plan unless the plan is "filed with the [civil rights] commission under rules of the commission and the commission approves the plan". The nature of the interaction between non-discrimination laws and affirmative action plans is such that we are convinced that the Legislature intended to preclude municipalities from requiring the adoption and use of plans approved only by the municipality. [ Id., p 637.]
Hence, because the city had not sought and obtained commission approval, that section of the ordinance was declared invalid. Id., p 638.
Since, in the instant case, defendants failed to obtain approval of the voluntary affirmative action plan, that plan should be held invalid. Without an approved plan in effect, plaintiff alleged a prima facie violation of his civil rights. See MCL 37.2202; MSA 3.548(202). Therefore, the court erred in holding that the plaintiff failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. MCR 2.116(C)(8). Further, no evidence was presented by defendants that plaintiff would not have been selected as a fire fighter even in the absence of the affirmative action plan. Giving plaintiff the benefit of every reasonable doubt, we cannot say that his claim could not be supported at trial because of a deficiency which could not be overcome. See Rizzo v Kretschmer, 389 Mich. 363, 371-372; 207 N.W.2d 316 (1973). Hence the trial court also erred in holding that plaintiff's claim presented no genuine issues of material fact. MCR 2.116(C)(10).
While we recognize that plaintiff ranked only thirty-fifth out of sixteen or seventeen possible available positions, it is possible at trial that defendants could show that he was excluded for a nondiscriminatory reason.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.