Opinion
No. 05-41165 Summary Calendar.
May 17, 2007.
James Lee Turner, Assistant U.S. Attorney, U.S. Attorney's Office Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Marjorie A. Meyers, Federal Public Defender, Laura Fletcher Leavitt, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Federal Public Defender's Office Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX, for Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, USDC No. 1:05-CR-147-ALL.
Before DAVIS, BARKSDALE and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.
Alejandro Gonzalez-Flores (Gonzalez) appeals his guilty plea conviction and sentence for illegal reentry. He argues that his Georgia aggravated assault conviction did not constitute a "crime of violence" under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) and that the felony and aggravated felony provisions of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(1), (2) are unconstitutional in light of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000).
Using a "common sense approach," we hold that the generic, contemporary meaning of the offense of aggravated assault includes the intentionally-caused apprehension of injury, 2 W.R. LaFave A. Scott, Substantive Criminal Law, § 16.3 (2d ed. 2005), and that Gonzalez's Georgia offense falls within that generic, contemporary meaning. United States v. Santiesteban-Hernandez, 469 F.3d 376, 378-79 (5th Cir. 2006); United States v. Sanchez-Ruedas, 452 F.3d 409, 411, 414 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 315, 166 L.Ed.2d 237 (2006). We therefore hold that the crime-of-violence enhancement was warranted.
Gonzalez's constitutional challenge is foreclosed by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 235, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998). Although Gonzalez contends that Almendarez-Torres was incorrectly decided and that a majority of the Supreme Court would overrule Almendarez-Torres in light of Apprendi we have repeatedly rejected such arguments on the basis that Almendarez-Torres remains binding. See United States v. Garza-Lopez, 410 F.3d 268, 276 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 298, 163 L.Ed.2d 260 (2005). Gonzalez properly concedes that his argument is foreclosed in light of Almendarez-Torres and circuit precedent, but he raises it here to preserve it for further review.
AFFIRMED.