Opinion
Argued November 6, 2001.
Submitted Jan. 14, 2002.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION. (See Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure Rule 36-3)
Defendant was convicted of bank fraud, following jury trial in the United States District Court for the District of Oregon, Michael R. Hogan, Chief Judge. Defendant appealed. The Court of Appeals held that: (1) prosecutor did not commit misconduct in referring to codefendant's guilty plea, and (2) any error that occurred when District Court applied preponderance standard at sentencing did not violate defendant's substantial rights.
Affirmed. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon, Michael R. Hogan, Chief District Judge, Presiding.
Before HUG, T.G. NELSON, and GOULD, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as may be provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Ronald Lee Bennett appeals his conviction and sentence. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
The district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Bennett's motion for a new trial based on alleged prosecutorial misconduct. The prosecutor's references to the codefendant's guilty plea were proper. The guilty plea of a codefendant "may properly be considered by the jury in evaluating witness credibility." That is precisely what the prosecution suggested the jury do when it referred to Bell's guilty plea during closing argument. We affirm the district court as to this issue.
United States v. Scholl, 166 F.3d 964, 974 (9th Cir.1999).
See United States v. Halbert, 640 F.2d 1000, 1006 (9th Cir.1981).
Id. at 1004.
Bennett's argument that the district court erred when it failed to dismiss counts two through twelve of the indictment also fails. In United States v. Bonallo, we decided that a scheme to defraud a bank under 18 U.S.C. § 1344 does not require "that the misrepresentation actually precede the bank's transfer of money or property to the perpetrator." The indictment was adequate pursuant to Bonallo, and we affirm on this issue as well.
858 F.2d 1427 (9th Cir.1988).
Id. at 1428, 1432-34.
The district court also properly held that sufficient evidence supported Bennett's conviction as to counts thirteen and fourteen. The Government introduced evidence, including testimony from a bank official, that was more than sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Bennett made false statements for the purpose of influencing the actions of the bank.
See United States v. Crawford, 239 F.3d 1086, 1092 (9th Cir.2001) (setting forth standard of review).
The district court erred regarding only one of its in limine holdings, admitting evidence of a state-imposed injunction and Bennett's violation of that injunction. However, we conclude that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, in light of the overwhelming evidence against Bennett.
See Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 15, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 144 L.Ed.2d 35 (1999) (setting forth standard of review).
Bennett also raises several sentencing issues. We asked for additional briefing on whether the enhancements applied by the district court were proper in light of two recent cases, United States v. Jordan and Valensia v. United States. Having considered that briefing, we conclude that, although the district court applied the wrong standard of proof, it did not plainly err. Regardless of the standard applied, the evidence supported the enhancements.
256 F.3d 922 (9th Cir.2001).
532 U.S. 901, 121 S.Ct. 1222 (2001) (remanding for reconsideration).
In this case, we review the district court's application of the standard of proof for plain error because Bennett failed to object to the application of the preponderance standard at sentencing. Thus, Bennett must establish that the asserted error violated his substantial rights. We conclude that he has not done so.
United States v. Jordan, 256 F.3d at 925-26.
Id. at 930.
The evidence at trial against Bennett, as well as that presented at sentencing, was overwhelming. Bennett relies primarily on his own testimony in arguing that the evidence supporting the enhancements was contested and could not satisfy the clear and convincing standard. However, the court clearly did not consider Mr. Bennett to be credible. In light of the other evidence presented, the enhancements were justified. Bennett's argument based on the injunction fails as well. The Government introduced evidence sufficient to show, under any standard, that Bennett violated the injunction.
We also conclude that the district court correctly calculated the amount of loss for sentencing purposes. Pursuant to United States v. Stoddard and United States Sentencing Guideline § 2F1.1, for sentencing purposes, the loss is what "the
150 F.3d 1140, 1145-46 (9th Cir.1998).
Page 471.
defendant caused or intended to cause." The amount calculated by the district court correctly reflects the amount of loss Bennett intended to cause. Accordingly, we affirm.
Id. at 1146.
AFFIRMED.