Opinion
CR. 08-30114-RAL.
December 29, 2009
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT ARCHIE BAUMANN'S MOTIONS TO DISMISS
I. INTRODUCTION
The Second Superseding Indictment ("the Indictment") charges Defendant Archie Baumann ("Baumann") with 17 counts of bribery concerning programs receiving federal funds, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(2). (Doc. 114). Baumann moves the Court, pursuant to Fed.R.Crim.P. 7(c)(1), 12(b)(3)(A) and 47, for an order dismissing the Indictment for lack of sufficiency under 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(2). Defendant contends that the Indictment is insufficient for failing to allege a quid pro quo and, alternatively, failing to allege the $5,000 element. Because the Indictment sufficiently alleges bribery under 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(2), Baumann's motions (Doc. 165 and 166) are denied.
Any references to the Indictment will be "I" followed by the page number or numbers.
II. FACTS
Baumann is one of four defendants named in the Indictment charging a total of 30 counts for acts of bribery concerning programs receiving federal funds, retaliating against an informant, conspiracy to retaliate against an informant, and making a false statement to special agents, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 666(a), 1001, and 1513(e). Of those 30 counts, Baumann is charged in Counts I through XVII of the Indictment with bribery concerning programs receiving federal funds. (I. 1-9). Baumann is accused of corruptly giving, offering, and agreeing to give a thing of value to co-defendants Norman Thompson, Thomas Thompson, and Randy Shields, all agents of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and Crow Creek Tribal Schools; and Brandon Sazue, a member of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe council and school board. Id. He allegedly did so "intending to influence and reward" each agent "in connection with a transaction and series of transactions of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and the Crow Creek Tribal Schools involving $5,000 and more, all in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(2)." Id. These counts also allege that the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and/or Crow Creek Tribal Schools are agencies that received benefits in excess of $10,000 in federal funds during the 2008 calendar year.Id.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 7Under Fed.R.Crim.P. 7(c)(1), an indictment "must be a plain, concise, and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged." Fed.R.Crim.P. 7(c)(1) (2002). Counts in the indictment "may incorporate by reference an allegation" in other counts. Id. "An indictment" is sufficient if it (1) contains elements of the charged offense and fairly informs the defendant of the charge against which he or she must defend and (2) enables him or her to plead double jeopardy as a bar to further prosecution." United States v. Stands, 105 F.3d 1565, 1575 (8th Cir. 1997) (following United States v. Just, 74 F.3d 902, 903-04) (8th Cir. 1996); see also Hamling v. United States, 418 U.S. 87, 117 (1974).
This standard does not require usage of a particular word or phrase in the indictment as long as the court can recognize a valid offense and the form of the allegation "substantially states the elements." United States v. White, 241 F.3d 1015, 1021 (8th Cir. 2001); see also United States v. Mallen, 843 F.2d 1096 (8th Cir. 1988) ("It is not necessary that the indictment use the precise language used in the statute, as long as the indictment, by fair implication, alleges an offense recognized by the law."). A court will uphold an indictment unless it "is so defective that by no reasonable construction can it be said to charge the offense." United States v. Pemberton, 121 F.3d 1157, 1169 (8th Cir. 1997) (quoting Stands, 105 F.3d at 1575). An indictment will be found insufficient "only if an essential element of substance is omitted." White, 241 F.3d at 1021 (internal citations omitted).
An indictment may generally "set forth the offense in the words of the statute itself, as long as `those words of themselves fully, directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set forth all the elements necessary to constitute the offence [sic] intended to be punished.'" Hamling, 418 U.S. at 117 (quoting United States v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611, 612 (1882)). The statutory language, however, "must be accompanied with such a statement of the facts and circumstances as will inform the accused of the specific offence [sic], coming under the general description, with which he is charged." Id. at 117-18 (quotingUnited States v. Hess, 124 U.S. 483, 487 (1888).
B. Elements of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(2)
Section 666(a)(2) states as follows:
(a) Whoever, if the circumstance described in subsection (b) of this section exists — . . .
(2) corruptly gives, offers, or agrees to give anything of value to any person, with intent to influence or reward an agent of an organization or of a State, local or Indian tribal government, or any agency thereof, in connection with any business, transaction, or series of transactions of such organization, government, or agency involving anything of value of $5,000 or more;
shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.
(b) The circumstance referred to in subsection (a) of this section is that the organization, government, or agency receives, in any one year period, benefits in excess of $10,000 under a Federal program involving a grant, contract, subsidy, loan guarantee, insurance, or other form of Federal assistance.
(emphasis added).
The government must allege four elements in order to prove that Baumann committed the 17 bribery offenses against him in the Indictment under section 666(a)(2):
1. That Brandon Sazue, Norman Thompson, Thomas Thompson, and Randy Shields were agents of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and/or the Crow Creek Tribal Schools;
2. that Archie Baumann corruptly gave, offered, or agreed to give a thing of value to each agent in connection with a transaction or series of transactions of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and/or the Crow Creek Tribal Schools;
3. that the transaction or series of transactions involved something of a value of $5,000 or more; and
4. that the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and/or Crow Creek Tribal Schools received benefits in excess of $10,000 in the one-year period beginning January 1, 2008 and ending January 1, 2009.18 U.S.C. § 666; see also Eighth Circuit Manual of Model Criminal Jury Instructions 6.18.666C, at 198 (2009); United States v. Nystrom, 2008 WL 4833984, No. Crim. 07-30100-KES, at *3 (D.S.D. Nov. 4, 2008).
The Indictment contains the requisite general statutory description and statement of the essential facts to inform Baumann sufficiently of the specific charge against which he must defend. Each count sets forth the four essential elements for the charge of bribery under 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(2). See Eighth Circuit Manual of Model Criminal Jury Instructions 6.18.666C, at 198 (2009). For the first element, each relevant count states the name of a particular governmental agent (Brandon Sazue, Norman Thompson, Thomas Thompson, or Randy Shields) and the agent's Indian tribal governmental unit (Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and the Crow Creek Tribal Schools). (I. 1-9, Counts I-XVII).
Setting forth the second element, Counts I through XVII each allege that Baumann "did corruptly give, offer, and agree to give a thing of value" to one of the above-referenced governmental agents, while "intending to influence and reward" the agent "in connection with a transaction and series of transactions of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and the Crow Creek Tribal Schools involving $5,000 and more, all in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(2)." The Indictment describes the transactions, alleging that the corrupt acts were in connection with transactions "including the approval of expenditure of money and the approval of contracts and agreements" related to the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and the Crow Creek Tribal Schools. (I. 1-2, 4-5, 7, 8).
Regarding the third element, the Indictment alleges that the business transactions in controversy involved something of a value of $5,000 or more. (I. 1-9, Counts I-XVII).
The Indictment also contains the required monetary amount of federal funds to satisfy the essential factual component of the fourth element. Specifically, the Indictment alleges that "[t]he Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and the Crow Creek Tribal Schools were a tribal government and an agency of a tribal government that received federal assistance in excess of $10,000 during the one-year period beginning January 1, 2008 and ending January 1, 2009." (I. 1.).
Each count alleges that the conduct occurred on or about a specifically listed date. (I. 1-9). Reasonably construed, the allegations in Counts I through XVII adequately set forth the charge of bribery, especially when combined with references in each count to 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(2). Fed.R.Crim.P. 7(c); see United States v. White, 241 F.3d 1015, 1021 (8th Cir. 2001) (finding that indictment's citation to statute was further notice and information about the charges). Consistent with Fed.R.Crim.P. 7, the Indictment contains "a plain, concise, and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged."
C. Intent to Influence an Agent of an Indian Tribal Government
Baumann contends that the Indictment fails to include the essential facts constituting a proper bribery allegation. Specifically, he asserts the government insufficiently alleged the element that a defendant "corruptly gives, offers, or agrees to give anything of value to any person, with intent to influence or reward an agent . . ." 18 U.S.C. § 666(a)(2). Baumann repeatedly refers to this element as the "quid pro quo" requirement. Because the Indictment did not invoke explicitly the phrase "quid pro quo" or identify a specific act or acts that Baumann was trying to influence, Baumann claims that the essential facts are not alleged, and thus, that he is not fairly informed of the charge against which he must defend. As a result, Baumann argues the Indictment is insufficient as a matter of law and must be dismissed.
Baumann misconstrues the elements of section 666(a)(2). In interpreting the intent element for bribery, the United States Supreme Court noted that "[b]ribery requires intent `to influence' an official act or `to be influenced' in an official act . . . In other words, for bribery there must be a quid pro quo — a specific intent to give or receive something of value in exchange for an official act." United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers, 526 U.S. 398, 404-05 (1999) (interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 201 "Bribery of Public Officials and Witnesses" statute). As this interpretation reveals, an allegation of intent to give something of value with an intent to influence is synonymous with an allegation of a "quid pro quo." In fact, the statutory language of sec. 666(a)(2) contains the term "intent to influence" rather than "quid pro quo."
Baumann also erroneously reads an additional, specific quid pro quo requirement into the elements of section 666(a)(2). Although proving payment of an illegal bribe requires the government to present evidence of an intent to give something of value with an intent to influence an agent, "an illegal bribe may be paid with the intent to influence a general course of conduct." United States v. Redzic, 569 F.3d 841, 849 (8th Cir. 2009) (emphasis added) (affirming bribery conviction). Hence, it is "not necessary for the government to link any particular payment to any particular action." Id.; see also United States v. Agostino, 132 F.3d 1183, 1190 (7th Cir. 1997) (declining "to import an additional, specific quid pro quo requirement into the elements of § 666(a)(2)."). It is sufficient to allege that defendant made payments "with the intent of influencing or rewarding a pattern of behavior." Id.
Here, each count against Baumann alleges that he "did corruptly give, offer, and agree to give a thing of value to [agent] intending to influence and reward [agent]." When combined with the specific facts — including dates, agents, Indian tribal government, and series of transactions-alleged, the Indictment is sufficient to allow Baumann to prepare his defense and to plead double jeopardy to any future prosecution. D. Value of Transactions in Connection with Alleged Bribe
Although, as in Mallen, the indictment could have alleged the facts in greater detail, it fairly puts Defendant on notice of the charges against him. 843 F.2d 1096, 1103 (8th Cir. 1988) (reinstating conviction set aside by district court for insufficient indictment) (noting that "[a]lthough the indictment might have been more complete in alleging the type of transaction in which Mallen attempted to influence the actions of the FDIC, it fairly put Mallen on notice of the charge against him").
Baumann moves, in the alternative, to dismiss Counts I through XVII of the Indictment for failing to satisfy the element that the corrupt transaction involved something of a value of $5,000 or more. He claims that the government fails to allege "whether the alleged bribe itself" satisfies the element.
Baumann's position does not find support in the unambiguous language of the controlling statute. Title 18, Section 666(a)(2), states the following in pertinent part:
Whoever "corruptly gives, offers, or agrees to give anything of value to any person, with intent to influence or reward an agent of an . . . Indian tribal government . . . in connection with any business, transaction, or series of transactions of such . . . government . . . involving anything of value of $5,000 or more" shall be punished according to federal law." (emphasis added).
As the statutory language establishes, Section "666(a)(2) does not require that the bribe itself be in excess of $5,000."Nystrom, 2008 WL. 4833984, at *4 (citing United States v. Hines, 541 F.3d 833, 836-37 (8th Cir. 2008)); United States v. Zimmerman, 509 F.3d 920, 926-27 (8th Cir. 2007). Rather, alleging that the bribe itself exceeded $5,000 is but "one way to satisfy the element." Id. The element "can also be satisfied by showing that the business or transaction received in return for the bribe was worth in excess of $5,000." Id. (citing Hines, 541 F.3d at 836-37; Zimmerman, 509 F.3d at 926-27). Thus, counts charging violations of Section 666(a)(2) "are not deficient as a matter of law simply because the amount of the bribe given was less than $5,000." Id.
This Court is aware that Hines and Zimmerman deal with § 666(a)(1)(B) rather than § 666(a)(2). Nevertheless, as the Court noted in Nystrom, "the legal analyses and holdings from these cases are persuasive and instructive to the court's analysis of § 666(a)(2) because subsections (a)(1)(B) and (a)(2) are `complementary provisions' with identical relevant terms. 2008 WL 4833984, at *5 (emphasis in original) (citing United States v. Sabri, 326 F.3d 937, 943 (8th Cir. 2003), aff'd, 541 U.S. 600 (2004). "[O]ne section criminalizes the solicitation or acceptance of bribes while the other criminalizes the offering or giving of bribes. Both provisions, however, prohibit bribery in connection with `any business, transaction, or series of transactions' or organizations which receive the requisite amount of federal benefits required in subsection (b)." Id. (citingSabri, 326 F.3d at 943).
Counts I through XVII all allege that Baumann corruptly intended to influence a particular agent "in connection with a transaction or series of transactions of the Crow Creek Sioux Tribe and the Crow Creek Tribal Schools involving $5,000 and more." (I. 1-9, Counts I-XVII) (emphasis added). Because these counts allege that transaction or transactions involved something of value of $5,000 or more, the Indictment properly alleged the statutorily prescribed value. Whether the government ultimately proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the $5,000 requirement of § 666(a)(2) is satisfied with respect to Counts I through XVII is a question of fact for the jury to decide. See Hines, 541 F.3d at 837 (jury considered evidence on the value of the transaction or business for which the bribe was given); Zimmerman, 509 F.3d at 927 (finding that the jury reasonably found defendant guilty of three counts of accepting bribes after the government presented sufficient evidence that the value of the transactions satisfied the $5,000 threshold); United States v. Agostino, 132 F.3d 1183, 1192-95 (7th Cir. 1997) (finding that the government presented sufficient evidence to the jury to prove each essential element of § 666(a)(2)).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby
ORDERED that Defendant Archie Baumann's Motion to Dismiss Second Superseding Indictment for Lack of Sufficiency (Doc. 165) and Motion to Dismiss Count I-XVII for Failure to Meet $5,000 Element (Doc. 166) are denied.