Summary
In Wheeler, the district court found that the officer had probable cause to believe that the envelope contained contraband, based upon the officer's testimony that he had previously found narcotics in a similar envelope, similarly packaged and placed.
Summary of this case from United States v. SedilloOpinion
No. 24554.
Argued September 14, 1971.
Decided February 22, 1972.
Mr. Matthew W. Black, Jr., Washington, D.C. (appointed by this court) for appellant.
Mr. John R. Dugan, Asst. U.S. Atty., with whom Messrs. Thomas A. Flannery, U.S. Atty. at the time the brief was filed, John A. Terry and Stephen W. Grafman, Asst. U.S. Attys., were on the brief, for appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.
Before ROBINSON and MacKINNON, Circuit Judges, and GOURLEY, Senior District Judge for the Western District of Pennsylvania.
Sitting by designation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 294(d) (1970).
Appellant was indicted and convicted of narcotics offenses (26 U.S.C. § 4704(a) and 21 U.S.C. § 174) and for carrying a pistol without a license in violation of 22 D.C. Code § 3204. This appeal followed.
Appellant was initially arrested for driving without a proper permit and was advised of his rights. During a patdown at the scene of the arrest, five .38 caliber bullets were discovered. In response to a question regarding the presence of a gun, appellant indicated that it was under the front seat of the car; the police officer discovered a loaded .38 caliber revolver under the driver's seat. Heroin, contained in thirty-four capsules, was discovered only after appellant was taken into custody when an officer was trying to locate the ignition switch in order to drive the car to the impounding lot. The heroin was found in an unsealed brown envelope which the officer suspected, drawing from his experience, contained narcotics. This suspicion was correct.
There are three issues presented by this appeal: was the seizure of the pistol proper; was the seizure of the envelope and its contents proper; and was the appellant validly prosecuted under federal narcotics statutes? The answer in each instance must be in the affirmative.
The scope of the search for the gun and its ultimate seizure were proper. The existence of the gun was freely admitted after a properly conducted patdown of appellant's outer clothing revealed the bullets. Seizure of the gun was proper, as was its ultimate use as evidence at trial. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). See also Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419 (1970).
We agree with the ruling of the trial judge that the seizure of the envelope and its contents was proper. The open envelope and its contents were seized while in plain view. Although the contents were concealed, the open envelope containing the heroin was in plain view when it was seized. There was probable cause for this seizure in view of the circumstances present here including the size and color of the envelope, its apparent bulk and location in the ashtray of the car, and as noted above, the officer's experience in having found narcotics in this type envelope on prior occasions. Harris v. United States of America, 370 F.2d 477 (D.C. Cir. 1966) and Fuller v. United States of America, 139 U.S.App.D.C. 375, 433 F.2d 533 (1970).
The issue raised here regarding the validity of the prosecution under federal narcotics statutes is now under submission to this Court en banc in No. 71-1252, United States v. Moore. Wheeler contends very simply that his prosecution was improper because he was a narcotics addict. Our affirmance is without prejudice to any possible rights of the appellant which may arise from the Court's ultimate decision in Moore.
The judgment below is affirmed.