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refusing to exclude testimony obtained pursuant to a plea bargain which granted leniency to the witness
Summary of this case from U.S. v. SmithOpinion
Nos. 84-5379, 84-5380.
June 6, 1986.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California; Judith Nelson Keep, Judge.
Before WALLACE, CANBY, and BEEZER, Circuit Judges.
ORDER AMENDING OPINION
The opinion, 778 F.2d 1380 (9th Cir. 1985), is amended at 1385 to add the following footnote 1, with a signal after the citation to United States v. Gann.
1. Trenouth v. United States, 764 F.2d 1305 (9th Cir. 1985) ( Trenouth), which was decided between Gann and Stewart, is not to the contrary. De novo review may be appropriate where, as in Trenouth, the issue is whether or not the alleged motivation for prosecution was legally permissible. The claims in Trenouth involved first amendment issues relating to the scope of the public forum doctrine and the right to picket on military reservations. We concluded that de novo review was appropriate for these "public forum and selection prosecution questions." Trenouth, for these "public forum and selective prosecution in such cases requires us "to consider legal concepts" — such as the scope of constitutional rights — and, thus, "to exercise judgment about the values that animate legal principles." McConney, 728 F.2d at 1202. In other cases, such as this one, however, the existence or exercise of the constitutional right that allegedly motivated prosecution is undisputed. The question here is one of motivation itself: Was the prosecution actually motivated by exercise of the constitutional right to trial by jury? Where, as here, the primary question is one of "subjective intent" or "`actual motive'" we deal with what amounts to "`a pure question of fact.'" Id. at 1203, quoting Pullman-Standard v. Swint, 456 U.S. 273, 289, 290, 102 S.Ct. 1781, 1790, 1791, 72 L.Ed.2d 66 (1982) ( Pullman-Standard). Because such an inquiry is "`essentially factual'" in nature, id., quoting Pullman-Standard, 456 U.S. at 288, 102 S.Ct. at 1790, and "is founded `on the application of the fact-finding tribunal's experience with the mainsprings of human conduct,'" it warrants a standard more deferential than de novo review. Id., quoting Commissioner v. Duberstein, 363 U.S. 278, 289, 80 S.Ct. 1190, 1198, 4 L.Ed.2d 1218 (1960).