Summary
noting that "decisions in the Apprendi sequence do not apply retroactively"
Summary of this case from Lund v. United StatesOpinion
No. 13-2069
05-07-2014
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LARRY MARTIN, Defendant-Appellant.
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
Before
DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge
WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge
ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
Eastern Division.
No. 91 CR 463-19
Rubén Castillo,
Chief Judge.
ORDER
Larry Martin appeals from the denial of a motion to reduce his prison sentence based on a retroactive change to the offense levels for crack-cocaine offenses. See 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). The district court correctly determined that it lacked authority to reduce his sentence, and thus we affirm the decision.
Martin was convicted of conspiracy to distribute cocaine, see 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841, after a seven-week jury trial in 1992. At sentencing the district court found Martin responsible for 108 kilograms of crack, which corresponded to a base offense level of 42. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(1) (1992). After adding 4 levels for Martin's leadership role, see id. § 3B1.1(a), and 2 more levels for obstructing justice, see id. § 3C1.1, the court calculated a total offense level of 48 and criminal history category of I, yielding a then-mandatory guidelines "range" of life.
In 2012 Martin moved the district court to reduce his life sentence based on amendments 748 and 750 to the guidelines, which retroactively lowered the offense levels for certain crack-cocaine offenses. See U.S.S.G. App. C, vol. III at 374-85, 391-98 (2011). Martin argued that, because those amendments reduce his base offense level to 38, he is eligible for a lower sentence.
In its response the government pointed out that the reduction in Martin's base offense level has no effect on his guidelines range; after adding the upward adjustments that the district court imposed, Martin's total offense level would be 44, which also carries a guidelines sentence of life imprisonment. So, the government asserted, the district court lacked authority under § 3582(c)(2) to reduce Martin's sentence because he was not sentenced based on a guidelines range that has subsequently been lowered. The court agreed with the government and denied Martin's motion.
On appeal Martin maintains that his reduced base offense level gives the district court authority under § 3582(c)(2) to reduce his sentence. But § 3582(c)(2) permits the court to modify a sentence only if the defendant "has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered." 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) (emphasis added); see United States v. Irons, 712 F.3d 1185, 1189 (7th Cir. 2013); United States v. Johnson, 571 F.3d 716, 717 (7th Cir. 2009). Because the sentencing court adjusted Martin's offense level upward by 6 levels, his guidelines range—even with the benefit of the retroactive amendments—still is life.
Lastly, Martin contends that the district court erroneously relied on the sentencing court's drug-quantity finding because, he says, Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2151 (2013), require that a jury make those findings. But the principles in those cases are irrelevant here because § 3582(c)(2) neither authorizes a plenary resentencing nor "implicate[s] the Sixth Amendment right to have essential facts found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt." Dillon v. United States, 130 S. Ct. 2683, 2691-92 (2010); see United States v. Davis, 682 F.3d 596, 610 (7th Cir. 2012); United States v. Woods, 581 F.3d 531, 536 (7th Cir. 2009). Moreover, even if those cases could reach § 3582(c)(2) motions, "decisions in the Apprendi sequence do not apply retroactively." Wilson v. United States, 414 F.3d 829, 831 (7th Cir. 2005); see Simpson v. United States, 721 F.3d 875, 876 (7th Cir.2013); Curtis v. United States, 294 F.3d 841, 842 (7th Cir. 2002).
AFFIRMED.