Summary
holding that sufficient evidence existed for jury to find that plaintiff published the allegedly defamatory statements where plaintiff supplied content for publication on websites
Summary of this case from Morocco v. Hearst Stations, Inc.Opinion
No. 13-2419
09-08-2014
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. KOREEN V. HIGGS, Appellant
NOT PRECEDENTIAL Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
(D.NJ. Crim. No. 2-06-00560-001)
District Judge: Honorable William H. Walls
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
January 22, 2014
Before: FUENTES, FISHER, Circuit Judges and JONES, II, District Judge. OPINION Jones, II, District Judge.
The Honorable C. Darnell Jones, II, District Judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
Appellant's counsel informed the Court by Rule 28(j) letter that Appellant was released from custody on February 26, 2014 and is not subject to a term of supervised release. "[W]e are precluded by Article III, § 2 of the Constitution from entertaining an appeal if there is no longer a live case or controversy." United States v. Kissinger, 309 F.3d 179, 180 (3d Cir. 2002). "Although this action was live when filed and may have become moot only during the pendency of this appeal, Article III requires that an actual controversy exist through all stages of litigation, including appellate review." Id. We must determine whether the appeal is moot even if the parties have not raised the issue. Id.
"Generally, once a litigant is unconditionally released from criminal confinement, the litigant must prove that he or she suffers a continuing injury from the collateral consequences attaching to the challenged act." Id. at 181. There is a presumption of collateral consequences when a litigant challenges his criminal conviction. Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 55-56 (1968). We have concluded that there is no such presumption for a probation revocation. Kissinger, 309 F.3d at 182. Because Higgs has not claimed or proven any collateral consequences of his probation revocation and incarceration, we conclude that his appeal is moot.