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applying Borden to the INA's elements clause
Summary of this case from United States v. Vargas-SotoOpinion
No. 17-20526
01-18-2022
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff—Appellee, v. Alan Victor GOMEZ GOMEZ, Defendant—Appellant.
Lauretta Drake Bahry, Carmen Castillo Mitchell, Assistant U.S. Attorneys, U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX, for Plaintiff - Appellee Marjorie A. Meyers, Federal Public Defender, Kathryn Shephard, Federal Public Defender's Office, Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX, for Defendant - Appellant
Lauretta Drake Bahry, Carmen Castillo Mitchell, Assistant U.S. Attorneys, U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX, for Plaintiff - Appellee
Marjorie A. Meyers, Federal Public Defender, Kathryn Shephard, Federal Public Defender's Office, Southern District of Texas, Houston, TX, for Defendant - Appellant
Before Smith, Elrod, and Oldham, Circuit Judges.
ON REMAND FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
Per Curiam
On remand from the Supreme Court, this case asks us to reconsider whether Gomez Gomez's conviction for aggravated assault in Texas qualifies as an "aggravated felony" under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2). We agree with the parties that, in light of Borden v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 141 S. Ct. 1817, 210 L.Ed.2d 63 (2021), it does not. Accordingly, we REMAND to the district court to REFORM the judgment.
Gomez Gomez drunkenly bludgeoned two people with a 2x4. He was charged with aggravated assault, which, under Texas law, required either an intentional, knowing, or reckless mens rea. Tex. Penal Code § 22.01(a)(1). He pleaded guilty, served time, and was deported to Mexico. Gomez Gomez later returned to the United States illegally. He was charged with and pleaded guilty to one count of illegal reentry "subsequent to a conviction for commission of an aggravated felony," in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2). He was sentenced to nineteen months, a prison term well below the twenty-year statutory maximum under § 1326(b)(2) and also well below the ten-year statutory maximum under § 1326(b)(1). Having preserved the issue of his conviction's classification under subsection (b)(2) (reentry with a prior "aggravated felony" conviction) rather than (b)(1) (reentry with a conviction "other than [for] an aggravated felony"), Gomez Gomez appealed.
In this case's first iteration before this court, we affirmed, holding that Gomez Gomez's prior conviction qualified as an "aggravated felony" under § 1326(b)(2). United States v. Gomez Gomez , 917 F.3d 332, 333 (5th Cir. 2019), judgment vacated sub nom. Gomez v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 141 S. Ct. 2779, 210 L.Ed.2d 919 (2021). Gomez Gomez petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari. The Court granted certiorari, vacated our prior judgment, and remanded for further consideration in light of Borden v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 141 S. Ct. 1817, 210 L.Ed.2d 63 (2021). Gomez , 141 S. Ct. at 2779–80. On remand, the parties now agree that Gomez Gomez's prior aggravated assault offense under Texas Penal Code §§ 22.01(a)(1), 22.02(a)(2) is not an "aggravated felony" under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2) because, in light of Borden , it is not a "crime of violence" as defined by 18 U.S.C. § 16(a). Because they agree, the parties have not briefed this issue adversely. Although they agree, we do not defer to the parties on this issue of law; rather, we assess the question independently—as indeed we must in reviewing de novo "the district court's characterization of a prior offense as an aggravated felony or as a crime of violence." See United States v. Narez-Garcia , 819 F.3d 146, 149 (5th Cir. 2016).
Nevertheless, we conclude that the parties are correct: Conviction under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2) requires a prior "aggravated felony" conviction. The term "aggravated felony" is defined to include "crime[s] of violence," which are defined by reference to 18 U.S.C. § 16. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). That provision in turn defines a "crime of violence" as "an offense that has as an element the use ... of physical force against the person ... of another." 18 U.S.C. § 16(a). The Supreme Court held in Borden that an offense requiring the "use of physical force against the person of another" does not include offenses with a mens rea of recklessness. 141 S. Ct. at 1821–22, 1825 (Kagan, J., writing for four justices); id. at 1835 (Thomas, J., concurring only in the judgment).
Because the Borden Court split 4-1-4, the Marks rule would ordinarily apply to determine the case's precedential holding. See Marks v. United States , 430 U.S. 188, 193, 97 S.Ct. 990, 51 L.Ed.2d 260 (1977) (precedential holding of fractured Court determined by reference to the "position taken by those Members who concurred in the judgments on the narrowest grounds"). However, Justice Thomas and Justice Kagan (writing for herself and three fellow justices) both conclude that an offense requiring the "use of physical force against the person of another" entails a mental state beyond mere recklessness. Borden , 141 S. Ct. at 1821–22, 1825 (opinion of Kagan, J.); id. at 1835 (Thomas, J., concurring only in the judgment). Their opinions differ only as to the operative statutory language that they respectively believe gives rise to that conclusion. Compare id. at 1826–28 (opinion of Kagan, J.) (focusing on the statutory phrase "against the person of another"), with id. at 1835 (Thomas, J., concurring only in the judgment) (focusing on the statutory phrase "use of physical force"). For the purpose of discerning the Court's holding as relevant here, that distinction is immaterial.
The prior Texas offense to which Gomez Gomez pleaded guilty includes three indivisible mental states, one of which is recklessness. See Tex. Penal Code § 22.01(a)(1) (defining "[a]ssault" as "intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caus[ing] bodily injury to another"); Gomez-Perez v. Lynch , 829 F.3d 323, 326–28 (5th Cir. 2016) (holding that these three alternative mental states in § 22.01(a)(2) are indivisible). For this reason, Gomez Gomez's predicate conviction does not qualify as a "crime of violence" in light of Borden , and accordingly, it does not fit the definition of "aggravated felony" for the purpose of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2). See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F) ; see also United States v. Lara-Garcia , No. 15-40108, 2021 WL 5272211, at *1 (5th Cir. Nov. 11, 2021) (unpublished) (reaching the same conclusion).
Cf. United States v. Hoxworth , 11 F.4th 693, 695–96 (8th Cir. 2021) (similarly holding that "there is no question" after Borden that a conviction under the same Texas aggravated assault provisions is not a "violent felony" under the Armed Career Criminal Act "[g]iven that Texas's version of aggravated assault criminalizes ‘recklessly caus[ing] bodily injury’ ").
Thus, as the parties agree, Gomez Gomez's conviction should have been entered under § 1326(b)(1) (prior non-aggravated felony conviction) rather than § 1326(b)(2). It is within our discretion either to reform the judgment on appeal or remand this case to the district court to do so. See 28 U.S.C. § 2106 ; United States v. Hermoso , 484 F. App'x 970, 972–73 (5th Cir. 2012). In keeping with our court's common practice, we remand to the district court to reform the judgment. As we very recently explained, "[t]he cost to judicial economy for the district court to reform the judgment, rather than reforming it ourselves, is minimal, and the collateral consequences [to a criminal defendant] that may result from an unreformed district court judgment can be easily avoided." United States v. Rios Benitez , No. 20-10494, 2021 WL 5579274, at *1 (5th Cir. Nov. 29, 2021).
See, e.g., United States v. Zapata-Camacho , 808 F. App'x 272, 273–74 (5th Cir. 2020) ; United States v. Vega-Rivas , 774 F. App'x 899, 900 (5th Cir. 2019) ; United States v. Gomez , 770 F. App'x 194, 194 (5th Cir. 2019) ; United States v. Sanabia-Sanchez , 746 F. App'x 425, 426 (5th Cir. 2019) ; United States v. Gonzalez-Longoria , 894 F.3d 1274, 1274 (5th Cir. 2018) (en banc ); United States v. Nunez-Medrano , 751 F. App'x 494, 501 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Olivarez , 749 F. App'x 277, 278 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Aspirlla , 738 F. App'x 302, 303 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Rodriguez-Garcia , 748 F. App'x 597, 598 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Carrillo-Hernandez , 749 F. App'x 246, 247 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Canales-Bonilla , 735 F. App'x 154, 155–56 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Valdez , 734 F. App'x 291, 291–92 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Flores , 734 F. App'x 277, 278 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Santos-Gabino , 732 F. App'x 320, 321 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Bello , 731 F. App'x 340, 340–41 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Montanez-Trejo , 708 F. App'x 161, 168 (5th Cir. 2017) ; United States v. Nunez , 680 F. App'x 278, 282 (5th Cir. 2017) (Graves, J., dissenting); United States v. Ulloa , 668 F. App'x 135, 135 (5th Cir. 2016) ; United States v. Hernandez-Ayala , 667 F. App'x 440, 441 (5th Cir. 2016) ; United States v. Medrano-Camarillo , 653 F. App'x 239, 240 (5th Cir. 2016) ; United States v. Quintanilla-Ventura , 616 F. App'x 189, 190 (5th Cir. 2015) ; United States v. Avila-Cruz , 606 F. App'x 261, 262–63 (5th Cir. 2015) ; United States v. Ramos-Bonilla , 558 F. App'x 440, 442 (5th Cir. 2014) ; United States v. Garcia-Cavazos , 398 F. App'x 64, 65 (5th Cir. 2010) ; United States v. Jimenez-Laines , 342 F. App'x 978, 979 (5th Cir. 2009). But see, e.g., Lara-Garcia , No. 15-40108, 2021 WL 5272211, at *2 ("To conserve judicial resources we instead reform the judgment to reflect that [the defendant] was convicted and sentenced under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(1)."); United States v. Rodriguez-Aguilera , 858 F. App'x 789, 790 (5th Cir. 2021) ; United States v. Olvera-Martinez , 858 F. App'x 145, 146 (5th Cir. 2021) ; United States v. Perez-Jimenez , 744 F. App'x 862, 864 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Casabon-Ramirez , 730 F. App'x 253, 254 (5th Cir. 2018) ; United States v. Reyes-Hernandez , 727 F. App'x 90, 91 (5th Cir. 2018).
Gomez Gomez need not be resentenced since "[t]here is no indication anywhere in the record that the sentence imposed here was influenced in any way by an incorrect understanding of the statutory maximum sentence" owing to his original conviction under § 1326(b)(2). See United States v. Trujillo , 4 F.4th 287, 291 (5th Cir. 2021) ; see also Nunez-Medrano , 751 F. App'x at 501. Indeed, Gomez Gomez's original sentence under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2) —19 months imprisonment—was already well below the ten-year statutory maximum under § 1326(b)(1).
For the foregoing reasons, we REMAND to the district court for the limited purpose of reforming its judgment to reflect Gomez Gomez's conviction and sentencing under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(1).