Summary
ruling that "an appellate waiver bars an appeal after resentencing" and collecting decisions agreeing with that proposition
Summary of this case from United States v. BooneOpinion
No. 16-4447
11-13-2017
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee v. Larry Lewis COONEY, Defendant-Appellant
Chris Givens, Stephanie Mazzanti, Assistant U.S. Attorney, U.S. ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Eastern District of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR, for Plaintiff-Appellee. Larry Lewis Cooney, Pro Se. Kim Driggers, Assistant Federal Public Defender, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER'S OFFICE, Little Rock, AR, Defendant-Appellant.
Chris Givens, Stephanie Mazzanti, Assistant U.S. Attorney, U.S. ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Eastern District of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Larry Lewis Cooney, Pro Se.
Kim Driggers, Assistant Federal Public Defender, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER'S OFFICE, Little Rock, AR, Defendant-Appellant.
Before SMITH, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.
The district court granted Larry Cooney's motion to vacate and correct his sentence and resentenced him to 108 months' imprisonment. Cooney now appeals that sentence. We dismiss the appeal, however, based on the appellate waiver in his plea agreement.
The Honorable Susan Webber Wright, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Arkansas.
I.
In 2013, Cooney pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The plea agreement provides, with exceptions not relevant here, that Cooney "waives the right to appeal the conviction and sentence directly under Title 28, United States Code, Section 1291 and/or Title 18, United States Code, Section § 3742(a)." Cooney signed the plea agreement and, after listening to a description of the waiver, assented to the waiver again at the plea hearing. At the sentencing hearing, the district court imposed a 180-month term of imprisonment—the minimum term for armed career criminals under the Armed Career Criminal Act. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) ; see also United States v. Mata , 869 F.3d 640, 642 (8th Cir. 2017) (describing the designation). Cooney had stipulated to his designation as an armed career criminal in the plea agreement.
A few years after sentencing, Cooney moved under 28 U.S.C § 2255 to vacate and correct his sentence in light of Johnson v. United States , –––U.S. ––––, 135 S.Ct. 2551, 192 L.Ed.2d 569 (2015). In Johnson , the Supreme Court held that the Armed Career Criminal Act's residual clause—under which Cooney had been designated as an armed career criminal—was unconstitutionally vague. Id . at 2557. That decision applied retroactively on collateral review to prisoners like Cooney. See Welch v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S.Ct. 1257, 1268, 194 L.Ed.2d 387 (2016). The Government conceded that Cooney no longer qualified as an armed career criminal, and it did not oppose Cooney's § 2255 motion. The district court vacated his sentence and resentenced him to 108 months' imprisonment and three years' supervised release. The sentence was less than the ten-year statutory maximum. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2).
Cooney then brought this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. He challenges the calculation of his sentencing guidelines range, the substantive reasonableness of the sentence, and certain special conditions of his supervised release. The Government moved to dismiss the appeal based on the appellate waiver in the plea agreement.
II.
"So long as there is no miscarriage of justice, we will enforce a defendant's waiver if the appeal falls within the scope of the waiver and the defendant entered into the waiver and the plea agreement knowingly and voluntarily." United States v. Seizys , 864 F.3d 930, 931 (8th Cir. 2017). The basis for waiver here is straightforward. A defendant signing a plea agreement and assenting again at a plea hearing generally indicate a knowing and voluntary waiver. See, e.g. , United States v. Aronja-Inda , 422 F.3d 734, 738 (8th Cir. 2005). Cooney did both here, and in the agreement, he waived his right to appeal his sentence "under Title 28, United States Code, Section 1291." Cooney now appeals his sentence—which includes conditions of supervised release, see United States v. Meirick , 674 F.3d 802, 806 (8th Cir. 2012) —under Title 28, United States Code, Section 1291.
Cooney tries to circumvent the waiver with three arguments. He first argues that because the "basic assumptions on which this agreement was made are no longer true," we should decline to enforce the waiver. He is correct that the plea agreement stipulated to his armed-career-criminal status based on the now-invalidated residual clause. But a "voluntary plea of guilty intelligently made in the light of the then applicable law does not become vulnerable because later judicial decisions indicate that the plea rested on a faulty premise." United States v. Reeves , 410 F.3d 1031, 1035 (8th Cir. 2005) (quoting Brady v. United States , 397 U.S. 742, 757, 90 S.Ct. 1463, 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970) ). Time and again, appellate courts have enforced appellate waivers even after the law has changed. See, e.g. , Reeves , 410 F.3d at 1035 ; see also United States v. Morrison , 852 F.3d 488, 490 (6th Cir. 2017). Courts often have done so when confronted with Johnson claims in particular. See Morrison, 852 F.3d at 491 (collecting cases). Indeed, if Cooney were correct, and a change in law voided an appellate waiver, then a waiver would mean little. See, e.g. , United States v. Bradley , 400 F.3d 459, 465 (6th Cir. 2005). The law often changes. A "favorable change in the law after a plea is simply one of the risks that accompanies" plea agreements. United States v. Lee , 523 F.3d 104, 107 (2d Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).
The plea agreement also did not guarantee Cooney a particular sentence. Although the agreement predicted that Cooney would receive a minimum of fifteen years' imprisonment as an armed career criminal, it expressly stated that "the Court is not bound" by the career-criminal designation. Addressing the sentencing guidelines, the agreement states even more clearly: "The United States makes no promise or representation concerning what sentence the defendant will receive and the defendant cannot withdraw a guilty plea, or otherwise avoid the defendant's obligations under this Agreement and Addendum, based upon the actual sentence imposed by the Court."
Cooney next argues that because the waiver fails to mention resentencing, his appeal falls outside its scope. But whether preceded by "a sentencing or a resentencing (here, following a separate, successful collateral attack), the result challenged is the same: a sentence that is incorporated in the judgment." United States v. Kutz , ––– Fed.Appx. ––––, ––––, 2017 WL 2799859, at *5 (10th Cir. 2017) (emphasis in original). That result is what Cooney appeals and the waiver covers. Courts in this circuit and others agree: an appellate waiver bars an appeal after resentencing. See id . ; United States v. Jackson , 328 Fed.Appx. 348, 348-49 (8th Cir. 2009) (per curiam); United States v. Capaldi , 134 F.3d 307, 308 (5th Cir. 1998). Cooney responds by citing United States v. McBride , 826 F.3d 293 (6th Cir. 2016), but "the McBride plea agreement, unlike the one here, did not include an appeal waiver." See Morrison , 852 F.3d at 491.
Cooney also implies that because the Government did not enforce the plea agreement's collateral review waiver—an additional waiver in the plea agreement—it cannot now enforce the appellate review waiver. But the plea agreement expressly provides that "[n]o waiver of a breach of any term or provision of this Agreement and Addendum shall operate or be construed as a waiver of any subsequent breach or limit or restrict any other right or remedy otherwise available."
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Cooney's final argument fares no better. He claims that the district court sentenced him to lengthy imprisonment based on a variety of sentencing errors. According to Cooney, the district court miscalculated the sentencing guidelines, overemphasized his criminal history, and improperly expressed its disagreement with the Johnson decision. Enforcing the waiver under these circumstances, Cooney argues, would constitute a miscarriage of justice. Yet Cooney's sentence now comports with Johnson and "is within the statutory range authorized for the offense of conviction," so enforcing "the waiver will not result in a miscarriage of justice." See United States v. Reynolds , 432 F.3d 821, 824 (8th Cir. 2005) ; see also United States v. Andis , 333 F.3d 886, 892 (8th Cir. 2003) (en banc) ("Specifically, an allegation that the sentencing judge misapplied the Sentencing Guidelines or abused his or her discretion is not subject to appeal in the face of a valid appeal waiver."). Cooney cites nothing to the contrary. He invokes United States v. Martinez , 821 F.3d 984, 989 (8th Cir. 2016), for the proposition that the district court erred in expressing its disapproval of Johnson , but the Martinez case did not involve an appeal waiver. Cooney's appeal waiver thus bars this appeal.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss the appeal.