Summary
noting that, under Handa , a court is free, after the grant of a § 2255 petition, "to reassess the possible sentencing options and construct a new sentencing package that ‘reflect its considered judgment as to the punishment the defendant deserves for the crimes of which he is still convicted’ "
Summary of this case from United States v. JohnsonOpinion
Argued and Submitted, Portland, Oregon July 10, 2014
NOT FOR PUBLICATION. (See Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure Rule 32.1)
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Montana. D.C. No. 1:04-cr-00082-SEH-1. Sam E. Haddon, District Judge, Presiding.
For UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee: Joshua Van de Wetering, VAN DE WETERING LAW OFFICES, Missoula, MT; Lori Anne Harper Suek, Assistant U.S. Attorney, Leif Johnson, Assistant U.S. Attorney, USBI - OFFICE OF THE U.S. ATTORNEY, Billings, MT.
For BRIAN EDWARD BARKER, Defendant - Appellant: Matthew J. Wald, Esquire, Attorney, Wald Law Office, PLLC, Hardin, MT.
Before: PREGERSON, PAEZ, and WATFORD, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Brian Edward Barker was found guilty of distribution of methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § § 841(a)(1) and 846, and possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § § 841(a)(1) and 846, and sentenced to a term of life imprisonment. After a successful 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion, the district court resentenced Barker to a term of 262 months' imprisonment, to run consecutively to a prior undischarged term of imprisonment. Barker appeals his new sentence. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
1. Barker's Sixth Amendment argument is foreclosed by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998). " We have repeatedly held . . . that Almendarez-Torres is binding unless it is expressly overruled by the Supreme Court." United States v. Leyva-Martinez, 632 F.3d 568, 569 (9th Cir. 2011) (per curiam); see also United States v. Grajeda, 581 F.3d 1186, 1197 (9th Cir. 2009). This the Supreme Court has not done. See Alleyne v. United States, 133 S.Ct. 2151, 2160 n.1, 186 L.Ed.2d 314 (2013).
2. The law-of-the-case doctrine has no application here. When a district court resentences a defendant, whether upon remand from an appellate court or, as here, after the grant of a motion under § 2255, the court is free to reassess the possible sentencing options and construct a new sentencing package that " reflect[s] its considered judgment as to the punishment the defendant deserves for the crimes of which he is still convicted." United States v. Handa, 122 F.3d 690, 692 (9th Cir. 1997); see also Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 476, 131 S.Ct. 1229, 1250-51, 179 L.Ed.2d 196 (2011). Accordingly, the district court was entitled to reconsider whether Barker's criminal conduct and personal characteristics warranted imposing his current sentence consecutively to his prior undischarged sentence.
3. Resentencing Barker to serve his new term of imprisonment consecutively to his prior undischarged sentence did not violate the prohibition against double jeopardy. " The imposition of a new sentence constitutes a second punishment only if [the defendant] had a legitimate expectation of finality of his original sentence by the time the new sentence was imposed." United States v. Radmall, 340 F.3d 798, 800 (9th Cir. 2003). Where a defendant who has not completed serving a valid portion of his sentence places the sentence in issue, such as by filing a § 2255 motion, he has no legitimate expectation of finality in the unchallenged portion of his sentence. See United States v. McClain, 133 F.3d 1191, 1194 (9th Cir. 1998); Handa, 122 F.3d at 692; United States v. Moreno-Hernandez, 48 F.3d 1112, 1116 (9th Cir. 1995).
4. Nor did resentencing Barker to a term of imprisonment that runs consecutively to a prior undischarged sentence violate due process. " Due process of law . . . requires that vindictiveness against a defendant for having successfully attacked his first conviction must play no part" in his resentencing. North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 725, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969), overruled on other grounds by Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794, 109 S.Ct. 2201, 104 L.Ed.2d 865 (1989). Here, however, no presumption of vindictiveness arises because Barker's new sentence is not more severe overall than his original sentence, see United States v. Horob, 735 F.3d 866, 870 (9th Cir. 2013), and because the judge on resentencing was not the same judge who imposed Barker's original sentence, see United States v. Curtin, 588 F.3d 993, 999 (9th Cir. 2009). Nor does Barker make a showing of actual vindictiveness. See Smith, 490 U.S. at 799-800; Horob, 735 F.3d at 871-72.
5. The district court did not commit procedural error in sentencing Barker to serve his current sentence consecutively to a prior undischarged sentence. U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b), which provides for concurrent sentences in certain circumstances, does not apply here because Barker's prior conviction was not used to increase the offense level of the instant offenses. And, although the court did not explicitly state the reason for imposing the new sentence consecutively to the prior undischarged sentence, it did consider the sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), specifically discussing Barker's extensive criminal history, the need for deterrence and incapacitation, the need for the sentence to reflect the seriousness of the offense, and the available sentences. A sentencing explanation which discussed the § 3553(a) factors is adequate even though it " [does] not specifically justify the choice between concurrent and consecutive sentences." United States v. Fifield, 432 F.3d 1056, 1065 (9th Cir. 2005).
6. The district court properly denied Barker's request for credit for time served. The double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment requires that time served on a vacated sentence be credited against any sentence subsequently imposed for the same offense. See Pearce, 395 U.S. at 718-19. Moreover, 18 U.S.C. § 3585(b) provides that " [a] defendant shall be given credit toward the service of a term of imprisonment for any time he has spent in official detention prior to the date the sentence commences . . . as a result of the offense for which the sentence was imposed." We do not question Barker's entitlement to receive credit for time served, and the government conceded as much during oral argument. However, case law makes clear that the Bureau of Prisons, not the sentencing court, must calculate credit for time served in the first instance. See United States v. Wilson, 503 U.S. 329, 334-35, 112 S.Ct. 1351, 117 L.Ed.2d 593 (1992); United States v. Lualemaga, 280 F.3d 1260, 1265 (9th Cir. 2002).
AFFIRMED.