Opinion
No. 25,843.
Filed March 9, 1934.
1. CRIMINAL LAW — Answer in Abatement — Demurrer — Admits Facts Well Pleaded. — A demurrer to defendant's answer in abatement admits all facts well pleaded. p. 337.
2. CRIMINAL LAW — Answer in Abatement — Requisites. — An answer in abatement in a criminal action is required to anticipate and exclude all supposable matter which, if alleged by the state, would defeat the plea. p. 337.
3. CRIMINAL LAW — Answer in Abatement — Demurrer — Sufficiency. — In considering the sufficiency of an answer in abatement, upon demurrer thereto, the allegations should be strictly construed unaided by any intendment or presumption, and only held sufficient if any supposable matter which might be asserted in reply is certainly and conclusively excluded. p. 337.
4. GRAND JURY — Assistance of Prosecuting Attorney — Preparing Indictment. — Statute prohibiting prosecutor or other persons from being present when jurors express their opinions or vote upon any matter before them does not prevent prosecutor from aiding grand jury in determining what, if any, crime is constituted by given facts, and the method of charging the crime, and in so doing the prosecutor may submit a specially prepared indictment. p. 338.
5. CRIMINAL LAW — Answer in Abatement — Misconduct of Prosecutor Before Grand Jury. — Answer in abatement that prosecutor submitted to grand jury a specially prepared indictment and was present during their deliberations thereon urging the return of such indictment and discussing with them the sufficiency of the evidence, held insufficient on demurrer. p. 338.
6. CRIMINAL LAW — Murder — Charging Two Defendants Jointly While Perpetrating Robbery — Sufficiency of Indictment. — Indictment charging two defendants with murder while jointly engaged in the perpetration of a robbery held good as to each although it charged the actual killing as the act of but one. p. 339.
7. CRIMINAL LAW — Evidence — Hearsay — Harmless Error. — In murder prosecution on joint indictment, admission of hearsay testimony that defendant's confederate identified gun as one with which he killed deceased, held harmless since the evidence did not tend to incriminate defendant and was not prejudicial in view of defendant's own testimony that he saw his co-defendant shoot deceased. p. 340.
8. CRIMINAL LAW — Evidence — Confession — Admissibility. — Admission of a purported confession could not be prejudicial where defendant's testimony at the trial, given voluntarily, was substantially to the same effect. p. 340.
9. CRIMINAL LAW — Evidence — Confession — Admissibility — Discretion. — Trial court could not be said to have abused its discretion in admitting a purported confession where there was evidence of several witnesses that it was made voluntarily. p. 340.
From Washington Circuit Court, James L. Tucker, Judge.
Lawrence Turpin was convicted of murder in the second degree, and he appealed. Affirmed.
Eli B. Stephenson, for appellant.
James M. Ogden, Attorney-General, and E. Burke Walker, Deputy Attorney-General, for the State.
The appellant and one Jenkins were charged jointly, by indictment in two counts, with the murder of Zack Burton. The appellant was separately tried and found guilty of murder in the second degree upon the first count, which charged that the appellant and Jenkins killed Burton while engaged in the perpetration of and attempt to perpetrate the crime of robbery by wilfully and purposely shooting Burton with a pistol held in the hands of Jenkins.
The appellant filed an answer in abatement to which a demurrer was sustained. Several grounds for abatement are alleged in the answer, but only one is urged in the appellant's brief. That is the allegation: "That the Prosecuting Attorney was present with the Grand Jury when he submitted a new specially prepared indictment to them and present while they were deliberating thereon and expressing their opinions about same and said prosecutor suggested and urged that said Grand Jury return the new indictment which is the identical one herein returned October 1, 1928, he had prepared it in two counts and with said Grand Jury discussed the sufficiency of the evidence submitted in said cause to sustain the charge."
The statute provides:
"The prosecuting attorney or his deputy shall be allowed at all times to appear before the grand jury, for the purpose of giving information relative to any matter cognizable by it or advice upon any legal matter when required; and he may interrogate witnesses before the grand jury, when the jury or he deems it necessary, but no prosecuting attorney, officer or person shall be present with the grand jury during the expression of their opinions or in giving their votes upon any matter before them." § 2142, Burns 1926, § 9-826, Burns 1933, § 2122, Baldwin's 1934.
The demurrer, of course, admits all the facts well pleaded. Such a plea does not deny the merits of the prosecution or the guilt of the accused, and only tends to delay or postpone 1-3. the remedy. The answer is required to anticipate and exclude all supposable matter which, if alleged by the state, would defeat the plea, and, therefore, in considering its sufficiency upon demurrer the allegations will be strictly construed unaided by any intendment or presumption, and will only be held sufficient if any supposable matter which might be asserted in reply is certainly and conclusively excluded. State v. Comer (1901), 157 Ind. 611, 62 N.E. 452; Williams v. State (1918), 188 Ind. 283, 123 N.E. 209.
The statute clearly contemplates that the prosecuting attorney may be present with the grand jury for the purpose of giving information and advice upon legal 4, 5. matters, and that he may interrogate witnesses, and thus assist the grand jury in developing evidence. The drafting of indictments is highly technical, and in determining the crime with which a person is to be charged, consideration must be given to the facts which may be established by the evidence, and it must be determined what crime, if any, will be established by the facts available. An attempt by grand juries to determine for themselves, without advice or consultation with the prosecuting attorney, what, if any, crime is established by the facts concerning which they have heard evidence, and the character of the indictment which will properly charge that crime, would undoubtedly lead to numerous miscarriages of justice. The statute must not be interpreted as meaning that the prosecutor shall not aid and assist the grand jury in determining what, if any, crime is constituted by given facts, and the method of charging the crime. In so assisting the grand jury it may be necessary that he be present and submit a specially prepared indictment. In explaining the indictment, necessarily the jurors would deliberate thereon and very properly express their opinions about the same, and interrogate the prosecutor as to whether some other offense than the one named in the indictment might be the proper one under a certain state of facts. As a practical matter it may be necessary that the prosecutor suggest and urge the return of the indictment prepared by him, if an indictment be returned at all, and that he discuss with the jurors the evidence necessary to sustain a conviction under the indictment, and that he discuss the sufficiency of the evidence submitted with his assistance to sustain the charge contained in the indictment. It is contemplated that when they are advised fully, the jurors shall finally deliberate and determine whether they will believe or disbelieve the evidence adduced before them, or any of it, whether a crime has been committed, and if so what crime, and whether there is sufficient evidence to justify the return of the indictment suggested by the prosecuting attorney, or any other indictment, and that during these deliberations, and at the time of their final votes, no person other than the jurors shall be present.
Appellee suggests that the averments quoted from the answer in abatement might mean that "after the evidence had been heard and the grand jurors had voted to return indictments for murder, the prosecutor was called into the grand jury room to advise the grand jury concerning the form and sufficiency of the indictment as a pleading and the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the particular indictment, and that the deliberations of the grand jurors and expressions of their opinions were confined to legal formalities strictly in accordance with the provisions of the statutes allowing the prosecutor `at all times to appear before the grand jury for the purpose of giving information relative to any matter cognizable by it, or advice upon any legal matter when required.'" Such a construction is not inconsistent with the allegations of the answer, and thus the prohibition of the statute as it is interpreted in actual practice and by this court is not violated. Williams v. State, supra; State v. Bates (1897), 148 Ind. 610, 48 N.E. 2.
Appellant filed a motion to quash upon the ground that the counts of the indictment are insufficient in that they fail to aver that the act of appellant caused the death of Burton, 6. and that they show that Jenkins caused the death. We are only concerned with the first count under which the verdict was returned. It alleges that the appellant and Jenkins were engaged in perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate a robbery, and that in the perpetration of and attempt to perpetrate said crime they unlawfully, wilfully, and purposely killed and murdered Burton with a pistol held in the hands of Jenkins. If the appellant and Jenkins were jointly engaged in the perpetration of a robbery, and in the perpetration thereof Burton was killed and murdered, both would be guilty, notwithstanding the actual killing was the act of but one. Burns v. State (1922), 192 Ind. 427, 136 N.E. 857; Witt v. State (1933), 205 Ind. 499, 185 N.E. 645.
Appellant complains of the admission of the testimony of the witness Tyree to the effect that Jenkins told him that the gun which was exhibited was the gun with which he shot Burton. 7. This was hearsay, of course, but it did not tend to incriminate the appellant. The appellant himself testified that he saw Jenkins shoot Burton. The testimony could have in no way prejudiced appellant's rights.
Appellant complains about the admission in evidence of what is termed his confession. But the instrument is not, in fact, a confession. It conforms almost identically to the 8, 9. appellant's testimony when he voluntarily took the witness stand, and is in effect that he came to the front of Burton's store and looked in and saw Jenkins shoot, and that he had no connection whatever with the shooting. But if it were a confession we cannot say that there was an abuse of discretion in admitting it since there was testimony of several witnesses that it was made freely and voluntarily. Alstott v. State (1933), 205 Ind. 92, 185 N.E. 896.
There is ample evidence to sustain the verdict.
We have disposed of all of the errors suggested or discussed in appellant's brief.
Judgment is affirmed.