Summary
finding an attorney has acted in bad faith if, "after reasonable inquiry, [he] could not have formed a reasonable belief" in the success of a claim
Summary of this case from Wolf v. Fauquier County Board of SupervisorsOpinion
46273 Record No. 891022
April 20, 1990
Present: Carrico, C.J., Compton, Stephenson, Russell, Whiting, and Lacy. JJ., and Poff, Senior Justice
Because the plaintiff's contentions in his motion far declaratory judgment were not unreasonable under the circumstances, the trial court improperly sanctioned him under Code Sec. 8.01-271.1 far making that motion and that sanction is reversed with directions to expunge the private reprimand imposed.
Practice and Procedure — Sanctions — Statutory Construction (Code Sec. 8.01.271.1) — Motions for Judgment — Objective Reasonableness — Cities, Counties and Towns — Appeal
A county bought acreage upon which to relocate many of its administrative offices from a city within the county. An attorney who is a voter in the county filed a declaratory judgment action against the county board of supervisors, seeking an adjudication that the board's power to move the "county seat" from the city was circumscribed by Code Sec. 15.1-559. The board filed a demurrer and a motion for sanctions under Code Sec. 8.01-271.1. The trial court sustained the board's demurrer, but delayed ruling on the sanctions issue until after the appeal was disposed of. The appeal was denied. After argument, the court concluded that the plaintiff had violated Code Sec. 8.01-271.1 because the allegations of law by the plaintiff did not meet the statutorily required standard of objective reasonableness. The court then sanctioned the plaintiff by a private reprimand, which he appeals.
1. Code Sec. 8.01-271.1 provides that a party shall sign his pleadings and that his signature constitutes certification by him that to the best of his knowledge, formed after reasonable inquiry, the pleading is well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law.
2. Since the issue is one of law, the trial court's findings are not accorded the same weight as its factual findings upon conflicting evidence.
3. The trial court properly applied an objective standard of reasonableness in determining whether Code Sec. 8.01-271.1 had been violated.
4. Because the plaintiff is an attorney, it must be shown that a competent attorney, after reasonable inquiry, could not have formed a reasonable belief that the contention made in the motion was warranted by existing law and any doubts should be resolved in favor of the contention.
5. The reasonableness of the plaintiff's claims must be gauged by the precedents existing at the time he presented his case, and a competent attorney could reasonably have believed that the favorable decisions in two earlier cases controlled in the construction of Code Sec. 15.1-559 for a number of reasons.
6. Those cases dealt specifically with the removal of courthouses or county seats and no mention was made of them in later cases relied upon by the board in its demurrer, which might reasonably be taken as an indication that they were distinguishable.
7. "Courthouse" is defined in part as the principal building in which county offices are housed and in which county affairs are conducted.
8. Under the circumstances, the plaintiff's contentions were not unreasonable.
Appeal from a judgment of the Circuit Court of Augusta County. Hon. Thomas H. Wood, judge presiding.
Reversed and remanded.
James L. Sanderlin (Richard Cullen; Sandra M. Holleran; McGuire, Woods, Battle Boothe, on briefs), for appellant.
Edward A. Plunkett, Jr., County Attorney (Douglas C. Woodworth, Assistant County Attorney, on brief), for appellee.
In this appeal from an order imposing sanctions pursuant to Code Sec. 8.01-271.1, the dispositive issue is whether a pro se litigant's construction of a Virginia statute was "warranted by existing law."
On December 30, 1987, Augusta County (the county) bought approximately 165 acres of land within the county for relocation of many of its administrative offices from the City of Staunton, where they had been for a number of years. On March 10, 1988, Thomas H. Tullidge, an attorney and registered voter in the county, brought a declaratory judgment action against the Board of Supervisors of Augusta County (the board), seeking an adjudication that the board's power to move the "county seat" from the City of Staunton was circumscribed by Code Sec. 15.1-559. On March 29, 1988, the board filed a demurrer and a motion for sanctions under Code Sec. 8.01-271.1.
On May 23, 1988, Tullidge filed a memorandum in support of his declaratory judgment action in which he claimed that the county's administrative offices were a part of the "county seat" or "courthouse," and thus that Code Sec. 15.1-559 was implicated. As pertinent, that section provides:
Whenever one third of the registered voters of any county shall petition the circuit court of such county . . . for an election in such county on the question of the removal of the courthouse to one or more places specified in the petition . . . such court shall issue a writ of election. . . .
Code Sec. 15.1-559 (emphasis added).
In support of his argument, Tullidge cited Couk v. Skeen, 109 Va. 6, 63 S.E. 11 (1908), and Ingles v. Straus, 91 Va. 209, 21 S.E. 490 (1895), in which we construed statutes closely analogous to Code Sec. 15.1-559. There, the statutes at issue spoke of the removal of courthouses in their titles but described courthouses as "county seats" in their texts. Both statutes were attacked as violative of the Virginia constitutional prohibition against a statute embracing an object which was not expressed in its title. See Va. Const. art. IV, Sec. 12. We held, however, that the terms "courthouse" and "county seat" are synonymous and, consequently, that the statutes at issue were not unconstitutional. Couk, 109 Va. at 11-12, 63 S.E. at 13-14; Ingles, 91 Va. at 222, 21 S.E. at 494.
The trial court sustained the board's demurrer, but delayed ruling on the sanctions issue until we disposed of Tullidge's appeal. We denied Tullidge's appeal on January 25, 1989.
On May 24, 1989, after argument, the court concluded that Tullidge had violated Code Sec. 8.01-271.1 because "the allegations of law by the plaintiff did not meet the statutorily required standard of 'objective reasonableness. . . .' " The court then imposed the sanction of a private reprimand upon Tullidge. He appeals.
Code Sec. 8.01-271.1 provides in pertinent part:
A party who is not represented by an attorney shall sign his pleading, motion, or other paper and state his address.
The signature of . . . [a] party constitutes a certificate by him that (i) he has read the pleading, motion, or other paper, (ii) to the best of his knowledge, information and belief, formed after reasonable inquiry, it is well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law. . ..
Because the issue is one of law, and not fact, we do not accord the trial court's ruling the same weight it would be accorded if reached upon conflicting factual evidence. Macbeth, Inc. v. Weade, 204 Va. 199, 202, 129 S.E.2d 667, 669 (1963).
[3-4] We agree with the trial court's application of an objective standard of "reasonableness" in determining whether the "warranted by existing law" portion of Code Sec. 8.01-271.1 has been violated. Because Tullidge is an attorney, it must be shown that a competent attorney, after reasonable inquiry, could not have formed a reasonable belief that Tullidge's contention was warranted by existing law. In addition, any doubts should be resolved in favor of Tullidge's contention. However, if it is clear that Tullidge's claim had no chance of success under existing law, his conduct was appropriately punished. See Eastway Const. Corp. v. City of New York, 762 F.2d 243, 253-54 (2d Cir. 1985).
In resolving such an issue, the wisdom of hindsight should be avoided. Thus, even though we refused to grant Tullidge an appeal from the trial court's order sustaining the county's demurrer, it need not follow that Tullidge, at the trial court level, had no chance of persuading a court to accept his premise. We must gauge the reasonableness of Tullidge's claim by the precedents existing at the time he presented his case.
[6-7] For a number of reasons, we conclude that a competent attorney reasonably could have believed that the decisions of Couk and Ingles controlled in the construction of Code Sec. 15.1-559. First, Couk and Ingles dealt specifically with the removal of courthouses or county seats. Second, we made no mention of Couk or Ingles in the two later cases relied upon by the board in its demurrer; this might reasonably be taken by an attorney as an indication that the earlier cases were distinguishable. Third, a "courthouse" is defined in part as "the principal building in which county offices are housed and in which county administrative affairs are conducted. . . ." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 523 (1986).
The board relies principally upon Bd. of Supervisors v. Com. of Accounts, 215 Va. 722, 214 S.E.2d 137 (1975), and Egerton v. Hopewell, 193 Va. 493, 69 S.E.2d 326 (1952), decided after Couk and Ingles. In dealing with the extent of a circuit judge's control over other portions of the courthouse not devoted to the judicial function, Bd. of Supervisors and Egerton limited the meaning of "courthouse" to the area of the court building devoted to the judicial function. Bd. of Supervisors, 215 Va. at 723-24, 214 S.E.2d at 138; Egerton, 193 Va. at 501, 69 S.E.2d at 331.
Thus, we hold as a matter of law that Tullidge's contention was reasonable under the circumstances. Accordingly, we will reverse the judgment of the trial court insofar as it imposed the sanction and remand the case with direction to expunge the private reprimand from the record.
Reversed and remanded.