Opinion
Argued and Submitted March 5, 2002.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION. (See Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure Rule 36-3)
State prisoner who was convicted of rape petitioned for writ of habeas corpus. The United States District Court for the District of Oregon, Michael R. Hogan, Chief Judge, denied the petition, and petitioner appealed. The Court of Appeals held that: (1) trial court's erroneous exclusion of evidence of rape victim's prior physical abuse at the hands of her boyfriend did not have a substantial and injurious effect on the jury's verdict, as required for habeas relief; (2) trial court's exclusion of evidence of rape victim's prior sexual behavior with other men under state rape shield statute was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, Supreme Court precedent; (3) any error from state trial court's admission of testimony by defendant, his father, or rape victim's boyfriend, regarding defendant's prior juvenile adjudication for murder did not have a substantial and injurious effect on the jury's verdict, as required for habeas relief; and (4) Apprendi did not apply retroactively to case on initial collateral review.
Affirmed. Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon, Michael R. Hogan, Chief District Judge, Presiding.
Before B. FLETCHER, O'SCANNLAIN, and BERZON, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Richard Thompson appeals the district court's denial of his 28 U.S. C.§ 2254 habeas corpus petition, in which he alleged that the state trial court's evidentiary errors violated his constitutional right to due process, confrontation, and a fair trial. Because the parties are familiar with the facts, we recite them only as necessary to explain our decision. I
Thompson challenges three evidentiary rulings made by the state trial court. Although there is the issue of procedural bar potentially foreclosing his claims, we nevertheless reach the merits of Thompson's petition.
A
The trial court excluded evidence of the rape victim's prior physical abuse at the hands of her boyfriend. On direct appeal, the Oregon Court of Appeals held that while it was error to exclude the evidence, the error was harmless in light of the overwhelming amount of "damning" physical evidence that linked Thompson to the crime and Thompson's inability to rebut it. State v. Thompson, 131 Or.App. 230, 884 P.2d 574, 580 (Or.Ct.App.1994). Furthermore, at trial Thompson was allowed to present his theory that the victim fabricated the rape to conceal her consensual sexual encounter with Thompson from her boyfriend; he just could not present evidence that her boyfriend had been abusive in the past. We agree with the Oregon Court of Appeals and hold that the error did not have a substantial and injurious effect on the jury's verdict. O'Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432, 435-36, 115 S.Ct. 992, 130 L.Ed.2d 947 (1995).
B
The trial court also excluded evidence of the rape victim's prior sexual behavior with other men under Oregon's Rape Shield statute. Or. Evid. C. § 412. The Constitution guarantees criminal defendants "a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense." Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690, 106 S.Ct. 2142, 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986). However, the right to present evidence, even if relevant, " 'may, in some appropriate circumstances, bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.' " Lajoie v. Thompson, 217 F.3d 663, 668 (9th Cir.2000) (quoting Michigan v. Lucas, 500 U.S. 145, 149, 111 S.Ct. 1743, 114 L.Ed.2d 205 (1991)). The policies embedded in Oregon's Rape Shield statute represent such a legitimate interest. E.g., Lucas, 500 U.S. at 150, 111 S.Ct. 1743; Wood v. Alaska, 957 F.2d 1544, 1552-53 (9th Cir.1992). We hold that the exclusion of this evidence, which the Oregon Court of Appeals upheld on direct review, Thompson, 884 P.2d at 577-78, was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, Supreme Court precedent. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
C
Finally, the trial court admitted evidence relating to Thompson's prior juvenile adjudication for murder. The victim testified that he had threatened her, using his past crime (rape and murder of an elderly woman) as an example of what could happen to her if she did not cooperate. Relying on Dawson v. Delaware, 503 U.S. 159, 112 S.Ct. 1093, 117 L.Ed.2d 309 (1992), Thompson argues that this evidence was unfairly prejudicial to him. " '[U]nfair prejudice' ... speaks to the capacity of some concededly relevant evidence to lure the factfinder into declaring guilt on a ground different from proof specific to the offense charged." Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 180, 117 S.Ct. 644, 136 L.Ed.2d 574 (1997). Here, the jury could have permissibly understood this evidence to be probative of the prosecution's allegation that the victim did not consent to a sexual encounter with Thompson. Cf. Houston v. Roe, 177 F.3d 901, 910 n. 6 (9th Cir.1999). Therefore, because the jury permissibly learned about Thompson's past crime from the victim's testimony, we cannot say that any error from the admission of testimony by
Page 35.
Thompson, his father, or the victim's boyfriend, regarding this past crime had a substantial and injurious effect on the jury's verdict, as required for habeas relief.
II
Thompson also challenges Oregon's dangerous offender statute, Or.Rev.Stat. § 161.725, as violating the rule set forth in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000). Before we can reach the merits of Thompson's argument, he must first establish that Apprendi applies retroactively to cases on initial collateral review. Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 310-11, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989). Our recent decision in United States v. Sanchez-Cervantes, 282 F.3d 664 (9th Cir.2002), in which we held that Apprendi' s new rule of criminal procedure does not fit within Teague' s two exceptions to apply retroactively, forecloses Thompson's argument. Our holding in Sanchez-Cervantes was broad:
Although the facts and circumstances for applying Apprendi differ between the cases, we should not apply Teague on a piecemeal basis. A new rule should be retroactive as to all cases or as to none to avoid inconsistencies and unnecessary litigation. The decision that Apprendi is not a watershed rule should not vary with each unique fact scenario but should hold constant because we are assessing whether the new rule is fundamental, not whether its application is fundamental in varying situations.
282 F.3d at 671. Thus, it is immaterial that the petitioner in Sanchez-Cervantes was not raising an Apprendi challenge to Oregon's dangerous offender statute.
AFFIRMED.